Economics and Business Review
type: channel
description: The Economics and Business Review (earlier as the Poznan University of Economics Review) has been published by Poznań University of Economics and Business Press since 2001. The EBR provides a platform for academicians all over the world to share, discuss and integrate state-of-the-art economics and finance thinking with a special focus on emerging market economies. The EBR invites submissions of original and unpublished articles. The journal is published in English only, with a frequency of four issues yearly. Texts are double-blind reviewed. EBR is an open access journal. To submit, process and publish an article in Economics and Business Review authors are not required to pay any charge. Impact Factor 2024: 1.6| CiteScore 2024: 2.1 Call for papers: Global Economy under Geopolitical Pressure The Economics and Business Review invites empirical and theoretical contributions that explore how uncertainty and conflict are driving shifts in global power structures, fragmenting traditional trade and financial systems, and prompting new alignments among states and markets. For more details check the call for papers.
publisher: Poznan University of Economics and Business Press
language: en
publication name: Economics and Business Review
issn: 2392-1641
items: R&D tax credits, innovative activity and the targeting approach
items: Financial inclusion and economic growth in Vietnam: Evidence across provinces and income groups
items: Corporate governance, financial markets, and economic growth: Does corporate governance moderate the finance-growth nexus?
items: Speaking up in financial co‑operatives: How values and job type shape employee commitment
items: Gender diversity in corporate boards and firm risk-taking: Evidence from Pakistan
items: Clustering S&P 500 companies by machine learning for sustainable decision-making
items: Fair trade and its role in sustainable development of agri-food system: A systematic literature review
items: Editorial introduction
items: Innovation and Industry 4.0 in building the international competitiveness of food industry enterprises: The perspective of food industry representatives in Poland
items: Energy mix and its implicationson the Vietnamese economy by 2030: A CGE analysis using GTAP-E-Power
items: What makes stocks sensitive to investor sentiment: An analysis based on Google Trends
items: Game-theory behaviour of large language models: The case of Keynesian beauty contests
items: How initial price history influences expectation formation in multi-asset experimental markets: An exploratory case study
items: Economic growth in the European Union: Exploring the role of innovation and gender
items: Financial inclusion, remittances and household consumption in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the application of an endogenous threshold dynamic panel model
items: Editorial Introduction
items: The impact of women’s economic empowerment on human development in sub-Saharan Africa: A panel quantile regression approach
items: Fundamentals of tourism: What makes a person a potential tourist and a region a potential tourism destination?
items: The quality of work life in competitive potential development in the tourism industry: A conceptual model and research propositions
items: Prosumers in the tourism market: the characteristics and determinants of their behaviour
items: The role of culture in building regional innovation systems and its impact on business tourism – The case of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region
items: The emergence of entrepreneurship in organizations: joint decision-making about new sales practices in management group meeting interaction
items: Renewable energy sources as a new research area in tourism
items: Constructing entrepreneurial orientation in a selling context: the qualitative attitude approach
items: Social values, societal entrepreneurship attitudes and entrepreneurial intention of young people in the Finnish welfare state
items: From going international to being international – strategies for international competitiveness
items: Female entrepreneurship in Poland
items: Consumer surplus and macro valuation of tourism projects
items: Tourism research and education in Poland. History and contemporary issues
items: Forty years of tourism education and research

R&D tax credits, innovative activity and the targeting approach
type: item
description: The aim of this study is to investigate if the French R&D tax credit targeted at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has a positive impact on innovative activity. The French institutional setting provides a unique research setting as the R&D tax credit targeted at SMEs only applies to expenditures incurred during the development phase of R&D projects instead of all eligible R&D expenditures. In order to explore the effectiveness of the French R&D tax credit, a regression discontinuity design (RDD) is applied by comparing targeted SMEs with larger firms not subject to the tax credit over the period 2014-2018. In general, we find that the French R&D tax credit has a positive impact on innovative activity. Moreover, SMEs react more strongly to this incentive in their growth stage. The findings suggest, however, that this effectiveness in increasing SMEs’ innovation does not persist over time.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: R&D tax credit
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: firm life cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: target tax incentive
  topic: keywords
creator: Erik Gjymshana
creator: Annelies Roggeman
creator: Isabelle Verleyen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Erik Gjymshana, Annelies Roggeman, Isabelle Verleyen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.4.2306

Financial inclusion and economic growth in Vietnam: Evidence across provinces and income groups
type: item
description: This research aims to examine the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth in Vietnam. Using panel data from 63 provinces during 2014–2020, estimations are conducted for both the full sample and across two income groups. Financial inclusion is measured by indicators capturing geographical penetration and using products and services in commercial banks and insurance. The difference-GMM estimation results demonstrate that financial inclusion captured by higher commercial bank branches and using bank accounts, saving passbooks, and ATM cards present significant positive effects on economic growth in Vietnam. In contrast, participating life and non-life insurance shows a non-significant effect. For high-income provinces, participating in life and non-life insurance positively affects economic growth. In addition, the study indicates robust effects of commercial bank branch penetration and using ATM cards in enhancing economic growth in both low-income and high-income localities.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
subject: financial inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Thi Thuy Huong Luong
creator: Attasuda Lerskullawat
creator: Thi Anh Nhu Nguyen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Thi Thuy Huong Luong, Attasuda Lerskullawat, Thi Anh Nhu Nguyen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.4.2305

Corporate governance, financial markets, and economic growth: Does corporate governance moderate the finance-growth nexus?
type: item
description: This paper examines whether corporate governance plays a moderating role in the impact of financial development on economic growth. It collects a dataset of 39 advanced and developing countries for the 2006-2020 period. The empirical results show that the credit-to-GDP ratio is negatively associated with economic growth, and this finding is consistent with the literature showing the relevance of "too much finance". The main findings indicate that the negative growth impact of credits is attenuated by corporate governance as measured by minority investor protection and disclosure extent. This moderating effect is economically significant and holds for different country groups and horizons. Hence, the paper argues that corporate governance measures the quality of financial markets, while credit ratio measures its quantitative dimension. Therefore, it shows that both quality and quantity dimensions need to be taken into account to understand the finance-growth nexus properly.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: financial markets
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: credits
  topic: keywords
subject: finance-growth nexus
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Kilinc
creator: Talat Ulussever
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Kilinc, Talat Ulussever https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 39
ending page: 63
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.3.2058

Speaking up in financial co‑operatives: How values and job type shape employee commitment
type: item
description: This article examines the relationship between employee voice and affective commitment in co-operative financial institutions. It focuses particularly on the moderating role of perceived employer orientation towards co-operative values and principles as well as job type (front- or back-office) on the relationship between two types of voice (challenging and supportive) and affective commitment. The analysis was performed with a dataset of 217 employees from 8 UK building societies. Results indicate that supportive employee voice has a clear positive relationship with affective commitment, while the effect of challenging voice is more complex. Moreover, both employee voice types correlate with higher affective commitment for employees who view their employer as little oriented towards co-operative values and principles, but not for those who rated their employer attached to these values. Finally, job type has little impact on the effects of employee voice, although a slightly more positive reaction from back-office staff is noticeable.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: employee voice
  topic: keywords
subject: affective commitment
  topic: keywords
subject: co-operative financial institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: values
  topic: keywords
subject: job type
  topic: keywords
subject: employee participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Przemysław Piasecki
creator: Maciej Ławrynowicz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Przemysław Piasecki, Maciej Ławrynowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 143
ending page: 166
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.3.1990

Gender diversity in corporate boards and firm risk-taking: Evidence from Pakistan
type: item
description: Using annual data from 49 publicly listed non-financial firms from January 2011 to December 2022, this study investigates how board gender diversity affects firm risk-taking behaviour in Pakistan. We use the exogenous shock introduced by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) through the Companies Act in 2017, mandating the inclusion of at least one female director on corporate boards in Pakistan. To address endogeneity, we employ the Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS) and Two-stage Residual Inclusion (2SRI) estimations and validate the findings with the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) and Markov Switching (MS) models. The results indicate that greater female board representation correlates significantly with lower financial leverage and reduced earnings volatility. These results suggest that mandated gender diversity can shape strategic decisions that can help mitigate firm-level financial risk.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: board diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Difference-in-Differences
  topic: keywords
subject: laverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Markov Switching
  topic: keywords
subject: capital allocation efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Sobia Shakeel
creator: Mohsin Khawaja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohsin Khawaja, Sobia Shakeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 119
ending page: 142
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.3.2135

Clustering S&P 500 companies by machine learning for sustainable decision-making
type: item
description: This study examines the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance of S&P 500 companies using three clustering algorithms: K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model, and Agglomerative Clustering. ESG scores from leading data providers are analysed to uncover sectoral patterns and performance trends. The findings indicate that technology and healthcare firms achieve the highest ESG scores, particularly in the governance and social dimensions, while the industrial and energy sectors face the greatest environmental challenges. Among the methods compared, K-Means demonstrates superior clustering performance by forming compact and well-separated ESG groups. These results offer a robust foundation for sector-specific ESG benchmarking, supporting investors and policymakers in identifying sustainability leaders, assessing risk, and targeting areas for improvement.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: clustering algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Cansu Ergenç
creator: Rafet Aktaş
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cansu Ergenç, Rafet Aktaş https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 91
ending page: 117
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.3.1895

Fair trade and its role in sustainable development of agri-food system: A systematic literature review
type: item
description: The ‘fair trade’ movement aims to promote equitable trade relations between developed and developing countries. By guaranteeing producers a fair price, it seeks to improve livelihoods of farmers and workers in marginalized regions. This review critically explores Fairtrade certification's impact on economic, social, and environmental sustainability of agri-food systems using PRISMA methodology and SWOT analysis. Key themes emergent from the reviewed papers include sustainable consumption, social equity and women empowerment, and governance in alternative food networks. Most sources focused on consumer behavior and Fairtrade, concluding that consumer-driven strategies are crucial for systemic change and long-term success. Fairtrade still faces obstacles including market competition with other certification schemes and uneven distribution of benefits between producers and supply chain actors. The final retail price is significantly affected by the value added by retailers, contrary to the Fairtrade mission, which can undermine confidence in the system.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: Fairtrade certification
  topic: keywords
subject: food trade
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: minimum prices
  topic: keywords
subject: consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: food governance
  topic: keywords
subject: social equity
  topic: keywords
subject: global value chains
  topic: keywords
subject: PRISMA
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleksandra Kowalska
creator: Ashura Salim
creator: Louise Manning
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Kowalska, Ashura Salim, Louise Manning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 37
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.3.2181

Editorial introduction
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Monika Banaszewska
creator: Paweł Niszczota
creator: Michał Pilc
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Banaszewska, Paweł Niszczota, Michał Pilc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 3
ending page: 5

Innovation and Industry 4.0 in building the international competitiveness of food industry enterprises: The perspective of food industry representatives in Poland
type: item
description: The aim of the research is to determine the impact of innovations and Industry 4.0 solutions on the international competitiveness from the perspectives of representatives of food industry enterprises. The empirical layer used information collected on the basis of a survey using the CATI method conducted on a representative sample of representatives of food industry enterprises. Descriptive statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, multiple comparison test and box-plot plots were used to analyse the data. The study confirmed that implementing certain innovations and solutions, both intangible and tangible, is important for maintaining and improving competitiveness on the international market. This applies particularly innovative, modern ways of reaching the customer, developing innovative products, the use of IT systems and the use of innovative methods in advertising and promotion. The conclusions present direct implications for managers of food enterprises who formulate competitive strategies.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: industry 4.0
  topic: keywords
subject: competitivenes
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: food industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Łukiewska
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Katarzyna Łukiewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 216
ending page: 241
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2024.3.1195

Energy mix and its implicationson the Vietnamese economy by 2030: A CGE analysis using GTAP-E-Power
type: item
description: This study uses the GTAP-E-Power model to examine the economic and environmental implications of transitioning to different energy generation mixes in Vietnam by 2030. Three scenarios were considered for that year: (1) low-coal and high-gas, (2) low-coal and high-renewables, and (3) high-coal. Scenario 2 emerges as the most balanced approach, resulting in a 1.02% GDP decline and a 0.78% increase in CO2 emissions. In this scenario, the electronics sector grows slightly (+0.3%), while metals (-3.1%) and chemical products (-1.0%) experience moderate declines. In terms of exports, Scenario 2 gives rise to an increase in the trade balance (151 million USD) and a modest gain in exports to China (+0.46%), Japan (+0.37%), Korea (+0.33%), and Western Europe (+0.35%). Across all three scenarios, the output of the electronics industry shows sensitivity to energy mix changes, while the coal mining sector seems to be resilient to changing the energy mix.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: energy mix
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: CGE model
  topic: keywords
subject: GTAP-E-power
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
creator: Duy Chinh Nguyen
creator: Jong-Hwan Ko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Duy Chinh Nguyen, Dr. Jong-Hwan Ko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 31
ending page: 54
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.1.1896

What makes stocks sensitive to investor sentiment: An analysis based on Google Trends
type: item
description: We capture Google’s vast search volume through Google Trends to generate a weekly investor sentiment index (2018–2022) using the most popular keywords (extracted from Google Search) from a keywords collection of 92,000+ words found in business, finance, and common language dictionaries. The results show that Google Trends is an efficient measure of investor sentiment as reflected in relative trading volume. To check what makes stocks sensitive to investor sentiment, 500 randomly selected US firms from various industries are categorised by firm characteristics. We generate two sub-portfolios: large, old, profitable, and dividend-yielding firms versus small, young, unprofitable, and non-dividend-yielding firms—and find the relative trading volume of the latter to be more sensitive to investor sentiment. Our results remain robust when control and autoregressive variables are introduced, in addition to when an alternative measure of sentiment is used, thereby confirming our primary findings.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: investor sentiment
  topic: keywords
subject: stock market
  topic: keywords
subject: search engine
  topic: keywords
subject: firm characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: Google trends
  topic: keywords
subject: investor sentiment
  topic: subjects
subject: sentiment
  topic: subjects
subject: google
  topic: subjects
subject: search volume index
  topic: subjects
subject: google trends
  topic: subjects
subject: search volume
  topic: subjects
subject: internet search
  topic: subjects
subject: firm characteristics
  topic: subjects
subject: stock market
  topic: subjects
subject: capital market
  topic: subjects
creator: Adeel Ali Qureshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adeel Ali Qureshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 65
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.2.1790

Game-theory behaviour of large language models: The case of Keynesian beauty contests
type: item
description: The growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) presents potential for deeper understanding of human behaviours within game theory frameworks. This paper examines strategic interactions among multiple types of LLM-based agents in a classical beauty contest game. LLM-based agents demonstrate varying depth of reasoning that fall within a range of level-0 to 1, which are lower than experimental results conducted with human subjects in previous literature, but they display similar convergence pattern towards Nash Equilibrium choice in repeated setting. Through simulations that varies the group composition of agent types, I found that environment with lower strategic uncertainty enhances convergence for LLM-based agents, and environments with mixed strategic types accelerate convergence for all. Results with simulated agents not only convey insights on potential human behaviours in competitive setting, they also offer valuable understanding of strategic interactions among algorithms.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: economic games
  topic: keywords
subject: large language models
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic interactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Siting Estee Lu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Siting Estee Lu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 119
ending page: 148
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.2.2182

How initial price history influences expectation formation in multi-asset experimental markets: An exploratory case study
type: item
description: We present an exploratory study on expectation formation in a controlled experimental setting. Participants predicted the prices of three risky assets, with their key information being the initial price history. Our research investigates the impact of the initial price history on overall price dynamics and the participants’ coordination. We provide tentative evidence highlighting several key points. Firstly, a stable initial price history reduces asset price volatility. Secondly, the correlation between assets during the initial price history is crucial for price dynamics. Notably, two assets exhibited strong negative dependence, which significantly influenced participants’ expectations. It is important to note that this dependence persisted in subsequent price evolution. In general, the initial price history played a pivotal role in shaping participants’ expectations. Given the exploratory nature of this study, we acknowledge that these findings are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: experimental economics
  topic: keywords
subject: expectations
  topic: keywords
subject: asset pricing
  topic: keywords
creator: Michaela Sedláková
creator: Aleš Kresta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michaela Sedláková, Aleš Kresta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 7
ending page: 37
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.2.1751

Economic growth in the European Union: Exploring the role of innovation and gender
type: item
description: This paper aims to investigate the linkages between human capital and employment in high-tech sectors and their impacts on economic growth, considering the overall level of innovation in both the public and private sectors and exploring the role of gender. The analysis employs dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) to estimate a model for the EU-27 across the period 2008–2021. The results indicate that employment in high-tech sectors is the variable that most contributes to economic growth in those countries that are leaders in innovation. However, in these countries, a positive and significant effect of the gender gap in employment is observed.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Vicente J. Coronel
creator: Carmen Díaz-Roldán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vicente J. Coronel, Carmen Díaz-Roldán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 91
ending page: 117
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.2.1917

Financial inclusion, remittances and household consumption in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the application of an endogenous threshold dynamic panel model
type: item
description: This paper examines the effect of financial inclusion on per capita household consumption expenditures in sub-Saharan Africa. It uses data from 28 countries over the period 2004-2022 and an endogenous threshold dynamic panel model for econometric estimations. The study finds evidence of asymmetric effects of financial inclusion on household consumption expenditures in the region. There exists a remittances threshold that varies between 2.6% and 6.5% of an average sub-Saharan African country’s GDP below which, financial inclusion increases per capita household consumption expenditures. However, above that threshold, financial inclusion does not contribute to improving household welfare in the region. Therefore, given that the effect of financial inclusion increases with liquidity constraints, policies that target a better allocation of remittances received would amplify the effect of financial inclusion on household consumption.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: household consumption expenditures
  topic: keywords
subject: sub-Saharan Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: financial inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: remittances
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahamat Ibrahim Ahmat-Tidjani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahamat Ibrahim Ahmat-Tidjani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 67
ending page: 90
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.2.1969

Editorial Introduction
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Joanna Lizińska
creator: Katarzyna Schmidt-Jessa
creator: Konrad Sobański
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Joanna Lizińska, Katarzyna Schmidt-Jessa, Konrad Sobański https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 3
ending page: 5

The impact of women’s economic empowerment on human development in sub-Saharan Africa: A panel quantile regression approach
type: item
description: This paper uses a panel quantile regression approach to study the economic empowerment of women in sub-Sa­haran Africa and how it impacts human development. Analysing data collected from 42 countries covering the period 2000–2023, the study looks at various indicators of women’s economic empowerment. The impacts of wom­en’s economic empowerment are found to differ depending on quantile levels; female entrepreneurship shows a sig­nificant impact only at higher levels. Across all levels, mar­riage rights and workplace participation repeatedly show positive impacts. The Gender Development Index’s signifi­cant positive impact underscores the importance of gender equality for overall human development. Parenting rights and mobility show positive results at most levels, though there are some variations.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: sub-Saharan Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: women's economic empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: human development
  topic: keywords
subject: panel quantile regression
  topic: keywords
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
creator: Lotfi Mekhzoumi
creator: Sabrina Chikh-Amnache
creator: Nabila Mekhzoumi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lotfi Mekhzoumi, Sabrina Chikh-Amnache, Nabila Mekhzoumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 55
ending page: 81
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2025.1.1698

Fundamentals of tourism: What makes a person a potential tourist and a region a potential tourism destination?
type: item
description: The paper introduces a conceptual structural model to describe which central factors determine whether and where tourism takes place. It refers to five factors that are considered to be a prerequisite for tourism: assets, amenities (or facilities) and accessibility on the side of a potential destination, and ability and motivation to travel on the demand side. Empirical evidence is presented based on large sample population surveys in Germany of the strong influence of these five factors. Whether a person becomes a potential tourist or not depends strongly on ability and on the motivational intensity. In addition, the perception of assets, amenities, and accessibility (rated for 10 regions/countries) is essential for the selection of regions considered for the initial consideration set. Both findings support the structure and links used in the conceptual model. They thus emphasize the importance of these basic factors as fundamentals of tourism.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: tourism demand factors
  topic: keywords
subject: destination prerequisites
  topic: keywords
subject: crisis assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Martin LOHMANN
creator: Henrike BEER
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Martin LOHMANN, Henrike BEER https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 83
ending page: 97
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2372

The quality of work life in competitive potential development in the tourism industry: A conceptual model and research propositions
type: item
description: In order to be able to deal successfully with the challenges of increased competition tourism enterprises have to take measures to acquire adequate labour resources and to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage based on these resources. The aim of the paper is to create a conceptual model explaining relations between the quality of work life and competitive potential in the tourism industry. It is argued that the quality of work life, which is measured as a discrepancy between expectations towards work and its perceptions, is affected by individual and organisational factors, whilst its influence on competitive potential is moderated by individual characteristics and local labour market conditions.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: quality of work life
  topic: keywords
subject: human resources
  topic: keywords
subject: competitive potential
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Marlena BEDNARSKA
creator: Marcin OLSZEWSKI
creator: Dawid SZUTOWSKI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marlena BEDNARSKA, Marcin OLSZEWSKI, Dawid SZUTOWSKI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 98
ending page: 110
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2373

Prosumers in the tourism market: the characteristics and determinants of their behaviour
type: item
description: The goal of this article is to characterise the prosumer as a specific consumer category in the tourist market. The author presents the general characteristics of a prosumer and how his/her behaviour is conditioned as a result of general social trends as well as specific features of the tourist market. In order to empirically illustrate the issues involved the author presents results of a direct survey conducted with 3 representatives of various types of tourist companies (a tour operator, a travel agent, an airline representative). The interviewees noted their customers’ intensifi ed activity. While customers have greater expectations and requirements, their knowledge does not translate into cooperation with tourist agencies. The respondents claimed that the new customers interested in new forms of the product included primarily young people as well as business people acquainted with new technologies.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: prosumer
  topic: keywords
subject: tourist market
  topic: keywords
subject: social trends
  topic: keywords
creator: Agnieszka NIEZGODA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka NIEZGODA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2013-12-29
publication date: 2013-12-29
starting page: 130
ending page: 141
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2397

The role of culture in building regional innovation systems and its impact on business tourism – The case of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region
type: item
description: In recent years increased attention has been paid to the role of culture and creativity as significant factors infl uencing economic development. Another crucial phenomenon shaping the economy is the great importance of regionalism. Culture, creativity and regionalism seem to facilitate coping with the troubles of our times in a better way. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the ways culture and creativity influence the building of a regional innovation system. A review of crucial literature considering the regional innovation system and the role of culture and creativity in the economic development is provided. The conclusion from qualitative research suggests that the signifi cance of creativity in the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region is widely acknowledged and is an attempt to exploit this finding.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: regional innovation systems
  topic: keywords
subject: metropolitan region
  topic: keywords
subject: culture
  topic: keywords
subject: creativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Nuremberg
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna BIALK-WOLF
creator: Harald PECHLANER
creator: Christian NORDHORN
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anna BIALK-WOLF, Harald PECHLANER, Christian NORDHORN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2013-12-29
publication date: 2013-12-29
starting page: 111
ending page: 129
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2377

The emergence of entrepreneurship in organizations: joint decision-making about new sales practices in management group meeting interaction
type: item
description: This study examines the emergence of entrepreneurship in organizations. The material consists of the audio-recorded meetings of management group members in one Finnish firm specialized in management services. The analysis illustrates how the members jointly negotiated new entrepreneurial sales practices in their meeting interaction but failed to demonstrate commitment to their future application. The findings conceptualize the emergence of entrepreneurship as a collaborative, four-stage decision making process based on shared understandings of entrepreneurial ideals. They further suggest that this process is contingent on the agreement and commitment of organizational members to whom the responsibility to apply entrepreneurial practices in their daily work is assigned.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: organizational practices
  topic: keywords
subject: meeting interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: joint decision making
  topic: keywords
subject: case study
  topic: keywords
creator: Soili PELTOLA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Soili PELTOLA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 48
ending page: 67
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.1.2343

Renewable energy sources as a new research area in tourism
type: item
description: The article identifies and describes a research gap in the tourism economy with regard to renewable energy sources and delineates the biggest research needs and challenges. First of all, the subject of the paper is the tourism phenomenon as a multidimensional research area. Then, the paper concentrates on the renewable energy sources (RES) market in the modern economy with particular regard to investment processes. It characterises investments and innovations in the tourism economy and presents the greatest research difficulties in this respect. The last part of the paper concerns the characteristics of a research gap in the tourism economy identified from where investments and innovations in RES meet. The summary includes effects and desired research directions related to the discussed phenomena.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism investments
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism innovations
  topic: keywords
subject: research in tourism
  topic: keywords
creator: Łukasz NAWROT
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Łukasz NAWROT https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 67
ending page: 82
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2369

Constructing entrepreneurial orientation in a selling context: the qualitative attitude approach
type: item
description: This paper explores the construction of attitudes in argumentative talk to underscore the context-specific nature of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and their interrelations. The material comprises interviews in which the directors, who form the management group of a Finnish firm, individually commented on a statement that ‘each salesperson is an autonomous entrepreneur’. Our analysis identified two opposing evaluations of entrepreneurial autonomy, which were labeled as proactive selling and internal competitive aggressiveness. The analysis points out limitations on the realistic and positivist premises of the conventional EO measures by identifying related yet differing understandings which actors involved in everyday organizational practices display in their talk.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: rhetorical social psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: qualitative attitude approach
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial orientation
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Soili PELTOLA
creator: Kari Mikko VESALA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Soili PELTOLA, Kari Mikko VESALA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 26
ending page: 47
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.1.2342

Social values, societal entrepreneurship attitudes and entrepreneurial intention of young people in the Finnish welfare state
type: item
description: The article is focused on Finnish youth’s social values, societal entrepreneurship attitudes and entrepreneurial intention. The study addresses how the relationship between social values and societal entrepreneurship attitudes becomes visible among Finnish young people. What is the relationship between social values and entrepreneurial intention? What is the relationship between societal entrepreneurship attitudes and entrepreneurial intention? We also analyze the relationship between diff erent social values of the Finnish welfare state. Survey data (N = 873) were gathered in electronic format from secondary and vocational schools in the Helsinki–Uusimaa region, and questions were based on a multiple-choice Likert scale. The analysis was undertaken using statistical methods. We found that Finnish young people consider entrepreneurship first and foremost a pragmatic career option, which is not supported by ideological arguments or assumptions. On the other hand, the connection between social values and entrepreneurial orientation remains largely at the level of attitudes.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: social values
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial intention
  topic: keywords
creator: Teemu RANTANEN
creator: Timo TOIKKO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Teemu RANTANEN, Timo TOIKKO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 7
ending page: 25
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.1.2341

From going international to being international – strategies for international competitiveness
type: item
description: While the international business and international entrepreneurship literature has commonly focused on market entry mode choices, the increase of a firm’s international involvement causes changes in different aspects, such as the confi guration of value chain activities, the design of the organisational structure and business processes. Given the inconclusive research on the relationship between internationalisation and corporate performance, we argue that the impact of internationalisation on a firm’s competitiveness is contingent on its stage of advancement. The analysis of four case studies shows that different dimensions of competitiveness are affected at rising levels of commitment to foreign markets. However, the organisational challenges related to managing international operations require strategy adaptations so that the firm can remain internationally competitive.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: internationalisation process
  topic: keywords
subject: multinational companies
  topic: keywords
subject: firm competitiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: case study approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr TRĄPCZYŃSKI
creator: Thomas WRONA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr TRĄPCZYŃSKI, Thomas WRONA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2013-03-30
publication date: 2013-03-30
starting page: 89
ending page: 114
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.1.2350

Female entrepreneurship in Poland
type: item
description: The aim of this paper is to present the issues connected with female entrepreneurship and in particular to analyse the changes in the rates of female entrepreneurship in Poland between the years 1993 and 2010 against the background of the job market situation, as well as identifying the factors which determine the entrepreneurship of women. The dynamics of female entrepreneurship will be contrasted with entrepreneurship among men. The entrepreneurship gender gap in Poland only slightly decreased during the studied period even though the situation of women in the job market is more difficult than that of men, which could engender a negative entrepreneurial motivation. The results of the research show that female entrepreneurship is signifi cantly more susceptible to the influences of the general market situation, measured by GDP, than the entrepreneurship of men. This means that the entrepreneurship gender gap can decrease only when there is long-term economic growth.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: female entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: gender gap in entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleksandra GAWEŁ
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra GAWEŁ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 115
ending page: 130
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.1.2351

Consumer surplus and macro valuation of tourism projects
type: item
description: There cannot be a tourism industry without projects. These projects can take different forms, such as development of attractions, accommodation, entertainment, transport, new resorts, congress centre, events, ski infrastructure, etc.. They all involve considerable investment. This paper focuses on five topics. First, it focuses on the nature of investment appraisal and explores the difference between micro and macro approaches. Secondly, attention is paid to externalities in tourism. Indeed many projects belong to the general tourism infrastructure, and the benefi ts do not only accrue to the paymaster, who may not consider the negative effects. In other words, externalities must be taken into account. A third section deals with the identifi cation of cost and benefit items or the cost-benefit scheme. Environmental costs are an important part of the scheme.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: computable general equilibrium,
  topic: keywords
subject: contingent valuation method
  topic: keywords
subject: cost-benefi t analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: economic impact analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: externalities
  topic: keywords
subject: travel cost method
  topic: keywords
subject: willingness to pay
  topic: keywords
subject: zonal travel cost method
  topic: keywords
creator: Norbert VANHOVE
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Norbert VANHOVE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 46
ending page: 66
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2368

Tourism research and education in Poland. History and contemporary issues
type: item
description: The article identifi es socio–economic changes in Poland aft er 1989 and their influence on the improvement of macroeconomic indicators and competitiveness. It also evaluates the impact of macroeconomic eff ects on the tourism market in Poland. Against this background the author considers the relationship between scientific research and tourism education arguing that quantitative changes in the development of tourism higher education have not resulted in the increase in both quantity and quality of research in the field. The article identifies drivers of tourism research that have expanded knowledge and were of practical use. The issues discussed include statistical capture and analysis of tourism-related phenomena, regional studies on sustainable development and the tourism function of regions as well as microeconomic problems such as quality of services, innovativeness and entrepreneurship.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: transformation processes
  topic: keywords
subject: scientific research
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: science and education drivers
  topic: keywords
creator: Grzegorz GOŁEMBSKI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Grzegorz GOŁEMBSKI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 20
ending page: 45
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2367

Forty years of tourism education and research
type: item
description: After 40 years of growth, tourism education can be found in the higher education repertoire of countries across with world. Indications of its progress can be seen in the development of popular courses that attract large numbers of students as well as in a range of research outputs in some good academic journals. However, progress in the past few years, especially since the 2008 economic crisis, has been less certain. Notably the context of higher education has changed and this has brought some problems for tourism. Increasingly it needs to justify its position in the academy, especially in terms of student recruitment, student quality, research outputs and income, and societal impacts. For many centres of tourism study this represents a challenge. This is creating uncertainty for the future.
subject: Research article- regular issue
  topic: section
subject: tourism education
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism research
  topic: keywords
subject: growth
  topic: keywords
subject: funding
  topic: keywords
subject: league tables
  topic: keywords
subject: reputation
  topic: keywords
creator: David AIREY
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David AIREY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 11
ending page: 19
doi: 10.18559/ebr.2013.4.2366