Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia (SOEP) is now an archived journal published by the Poznań University of Economics and Business between 2013 and 2019. It published original theoretical and empirical research papers in economics, finance, management and quality sciences. The journal's mission was to provide a platform for presenting research and exchanging views among both established and early-career scholars from Poland and, more broadly, Central and Eastern Europe, addressing issues affecting the region in the context of changes in Polish, European and global markets. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia has been providing immediate open access to its content online. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia was indexed by BazEkon, CEJSH, Biblioteka Nauki, and Index Copernicus. The use of the articles is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en. The journal is currently not accepting article submissions.
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu
The Consequences of the Financial Crisis on Intra-European Trade
This article analyses the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the real economy through bilateral trade flows amongst Members of the European Union and how trade has evolved thereafter. In order to assess the impact of that crisis in the medium run, we use annual data on bilateral trade flows between 28 European Member Countries from 1997 to 2013. We draw special attention to the patterns of intensive and extensive margins of the CEECs depending on whether they joined the euro area or not. Results exhibit strong differences between these two groups of CEECs as regards the paths followed by their intensive and extensive trade margins.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mis-Selling and Regulations of Insurance Distribution - Selected Solutions
Mis-selling is a term used to describe (un)intentional practices that result in selling a customer a product that does not meet their needs. It can be assumed that the phenomenon is omnipresent, however in certain periods it increases. The first symptom of mis-selling may be the above average profitability of certain business lines. Also the rapid increase in the number of salesmen and increased migration between agency networks may indicate a worsening of mis-selling. The next step, which is not always present, is the increasing number of consumer complaints, especially on aggressive acquisition or unfavourable provisions in the general terms of insurance. Then, mostly due to an external factor (eg. financial crisis, rising un- employment), consumer interest in financial products held either grows or there is a need to use them. Then the effects of previous practices are noticed. Mechanisms which counteract mis-selling include: certification of insurance intermediaries; professional training; information to the customer, appropriate to the content, scope and form; control of sales activities; the remuneration policy of insurance intermediaries.
Directions for a Change in Tour Operators Market Regulation (in Poland and the European Union)
The study involved the regulation of the tour operators market. The issue was presented with the example of the principles of the functioning of the Polish tour operators market. The background to these considerations are the rules of the functioning of this market in the European Union. Tour operator's market regulation in the EU is undergoing a major transformation. EU Member States are implementing new regulations under the new EU directive on the tour operators market into tourism law. The aim of the study is to present changes in the regulation of the tour operators market together with an attempt to assess the consequences of these changes for the model of the functioning of this market. The following sections discuss: the concept and scope of the tour operator market, the scope of the regulation of the analyzed market in Poland and the trends of changes in the regulation of the tour operators market as a result of the changes introduced by the new EU directive.
Procyclicality of Labour Productivity in Polish Regions in 1995-2013
The procyclicality of labour productivity is one of the basic stylized facts of economics. The aim of the paper is to analyse the procyclical properties of labour productivity in Polish regions in the years 1995-2013. In the theoretical part, a critical analysis of the literature is used to identify the possible determinants of the analysed effect. It was found that three of them are usually mentioned: technological shocks, increasing returns to scale and labour hoarding. In the empirical part, an assessment of labour productivity procyclical behaviour was performed. The obtained results confirm that labour productivity in some Polish regions is procyclical.
Specialisations of University Graduates and Changes in the Labour Market in Wielkopolska
Creating a knowledge-based economy and cooperation in the conditions of globalization and economic integration has led to changes in the labour market; this has led to changes in the situation in higher education in Poland. Adapting the offer of Polish universities to the demands of employers is an expression of the implementation of the educational aspirations of future employees. The aim of the paper is to compare the processes of the change taking place in the specialisation's structure of study at universities with changes taking place in the labour market in Poznań and Great Poland. The research indicates the changes that have occurred in the structure of graduates's specialisations and in the structure of the labour market, and then focuses on the analysis of the intensity, speed and monotonicyty of the process of the adaptation of these structures in 2008-2014.
Selected Elements of the Potential of the Competitiveness of Travel Agencies in the Tourism Market of the Retired in Poland
The aim of this study is to identify and characterize selected elements of the potential competitiveness of travel agencies in the tourism market of the retired in Poland. The paper consists of two main parts - theoretical and a presentation of the results of the empirical research. According to the author in the case of tourism dedicated to the retired a key building block for competitive advantage is the quality - understood in a broad sense. A summary of the results of the research conducted among the providers of tourism for the retired can be an important source of information for both existing and potential bidders.
The Social Media Marketing Strategies of Tourism Regions and Enterprises
The paper seeks to discuss the basis for a modern social media marketing strategy, including a new communication paradigm and new ways of database construction. It is based on the literature research (including Internet publications on tourism trends and e-consumer journeys) and the case studies of tourism enterprises/organizations/regions modern marketing strategies. The paper identifies the marketing gap illustrating the difference between the traditional marketing tools and the most appropriate SM marketing techniques. The results of the analysis should be discussed further, as the case study analysis does not ensure the representativeness of research; however it helps to illustrate the major marketing trends. The analysis of Western European organizations needs a critical approach due to the cultural differences (mainly of the different digital literacy of western and eastern European societies). The limitations do not seem to be accurate in the case of younger generation (Gen Y). This paper will be of immense value to tourism industry leaders, formulating the basis for their SM marketing strategies. It should also enhance the use of new media effectiveness indicators. The paper contributes to the knowledge of tourism SM marketing strategies being a guide for tourism policy planners and managers. It is the first publication in Poland on the marketing gap between old and new media.
New Forms of Communication with the Client on the Tourist Market
The purpose of the article is to identify the communication forms with a client used by travel agencies and hotels functioning on the Polish tourist market. The study provides the subject literature review regarding communication forms with a customer on the tourist market. The presentation of direct research results is focused on the above-mentioned communication forms, most popular and most frequently used by travel agencies and hotels functioning on the Polish market and remains an integral component of the study. The conducted review and the research results allowed the identification of similarities and differences occurring in the area of communication forms with a customer on Western European and Polish tourist markets. They also indicated these communication forms which should be used more extensively by both travel agencies and hotels operating on the Polish tourist market. The conducted research results enrich the existing knowledge about the discussed subject matter.
Generational Change on the Tourism Labour Market
For the first time ever, the employees of three generations are working together, side by side in the same organisations. Although, all of them hold different work expectations, desires or working styles, it is said that particularly challenging is the youngest generation entering the labour market (Generation Y), whose work values may be significantly different than those that went before them. Therefore the purpose of the paper is to examine the effect of generational differences on the importance of work values in the tourism industry. To reach the objective of the study a survey was conducted with a group of 1,047 tourism employees. The research revealed that both job characteristics and employer location attractiveness contribute to the prediction of job satisfaction. The significance of these factors is partially moderated by generational differences. The youngest generation on the tourism labour market attribute more importance to social relations in the workplace and to the locational aspects of the employer.
Consumer Participation in the Creation of a Tourist Product
The purpose of the article is an analysis of the characteristics of a consumer participating in the creation of products, the so-called prosumers, as well as an analysis of factors facilitating such participation on the part of tourist enterprises. The discussion covers the tourist market. The method is a review of subject literature discussing the category of a prosumer from the perspective of a tourist market along with the authors' interpretation. Categorized direct interviews with managers and employees having direct contact with customers in hotels and travel agencies, presenting appropriate experience (several years of work), were used in the empirical part. The research is of qualitative, explorative nature. In the article the category of a tourist market prosumer was defined and the changed CRM formula was suggested - customer relations management into CMR i.e. consumer management relations in the conditions of the discussed market. The exploratory analysis showed the stereotypical thinking about a customer, who is treated as: an offer purchaser and the source of information about his/her needs and expectations. The collected suggestions and opinions are used to construct customers' involvement in the business issues of the studied companies, including the creation of new value. The article is of an empirical nature and represents a review in its theoretical part.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elżbieta Nawrocka, Agnieszka Niezgoda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A New Concept of Managing Tourist Region
The article contains the results of an analysis concerning the possibilities of effectively managing tourist regions in a competitive market, on the basis of the functioning of regional tourist organizations (ROT) in Poland according to several models. Furthermore, the results of the proposed ROT transformations and their influence on the development of tourist traffic in tourist reception areas are discussed. A literature review showcased the divergence of views on the purposefulness and direction of the POT-ROT-LOT system modifications. Three models of ROT activity were proposed on the basis of the idea of product consortia and tourism clusters, DMO and network cooperation, indicating the key qualities that allow for the implementation of those models in organizational practice. As a consequence, these qualities contribute to increasing the organizations' effectiveness, and further implicate changes in logistics and the quality of tourist service in tourist regions.
The Planning Development of Tourism - Regulation or Deregulation?
The scope of the study includes theoretical issues relating to tourism policy, together with an indication of the dynamics of the changes in the global tourism market. A diagnosis will be presented of the current tourism policy in Poland, together with an assessment of the effectiveness of system solutions and planning instruments. The background discussion will be the European Union policy in the field of tourism and issues of financing the development of tourism from EU funds in the financial perspectives of 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. On the basis of the diagnosis proposals will be outlined for changes in the Polish model of tourism policy in the context of solutions in the European Union. In addition, local and regional authorities will be indicated in the proposed model. The aim of the paper is to assess the current model of tourism policy in Poland against the background of global solutions and the European Union together with proposed solutions in the field of tourism policy in the medium and long term. The scope of the methods used include: literature studies, logic operations, comparative analysis, and heuristic methods. The test period covers the years 2007-2014 ex post and the proposals will concern the horizon 2022. Issues of socio-economic policy are conceptual. The test results can be used for shaping tourism policy in Poland by competent bodies: central, regional and local. The diagnosis of tourism policy, together with proposals for it to be changed is the personal opinion of the authors. In this form of consideration, they have not been presented in the literature sources.
Unemployment amoung Young People in the Wielkopolska Labour Market
The main goal of the paper is to present and assess the situation of young people in a regional perspective in comparison to Poland and other European Union countries in the years 2004-2015, with particular reference to the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. The paper defines the concept of young people, and then shows the problems that they face in the process of the transition between education and the labour market. The level of unemployment among young people and their share in the population of the unemployed total were the subject of interest in union, national and regional terms. Finally, the total situation of young people in Poland in comparison to the other EU countries was presented, and more specifically in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2004-2015.
A Discussion about the Need for New Regulations in Tourism
In the article with the example of the act on tourist services and the EU Directive 2015/2302 was used to focus on the problems of the needs and possibilities of the introduction of new regulations in tourism. The authors drew attention to the essential impact EU law has on the shape and scope of national legislation. The existence of EU legislation, which is the result of the division of legislative powers between the EU and the member countries, entails a significant limitation of the freedom of regulation at national level. This causes the necessity to determine, prior to legislative action, whether, and if so to what extent, a given issue is regulated by EU law. The problem of the limitation of the freedom of legal regulation on the domestic level was illustrated with the example of the EU Directive 2015/2302 and the act on tourism services. The problem of the limitation the freedom of legal regulation on the domestic level was illustrated with the example of the EU Directive 2015/2302 and Polish act on tourism services.
Supporting Agriculture in the United States with the Use of Insurance Instruments (Farm Bill 2014)
Agricultural activity is carried out under conditions of risk and it is often supported by government. One kind of support is subsidized crop insurance . The Federal crop insurance system in the United States is one of the most extensive in the world. Changes in agricultural policy in 2014 reinforced the role of insurance. The article analyzes the situation of crop insurance in the United States, before t reform of 2014, and changes in the insurance system as a result of the adoption of the principles of the new agricultural policy.
Compensation and Damages for Medical Malpracticeand Civil Liability of Medical Entities in Poland
The purpose of this article is to identify the economic and legal aspects of compensation for medical errors. Issues related to the civil liability of medical entities and their economic consequences for participants in the health care system will be addressed in the paper. Both the common phrase 'primum non nocere and a fragment of the medical oath contained in the Code of Medical Ethics 'to the best of my knowledge prevent suffering and prevent disease, and to help patients without any difference' refer to making the best efforts on the part of doctors and the medical world to exercise their profession fairly. Unfortunately, in practice, medical errors do occur and have serious consequences. On the one hand, those consequences result in health effects suffered by the patient who may require a long-term treatment or rehabilitation as part of his/her recovery due to medical arror, but it may also be the case that the patient may well never recover or may even lose his/her life. On the other hand such errors relate to doctors and medical personnel who have committed a specifi c error as well as to the entities on the premises in which the event took place. Th erefore the sphere of the scope and type of liability are essential. Th e latter is inextricably linked to the insurance benefits' market and to the problem of fi nancing a health care system.
Determinants of the Investment Policy of the Insurance Guarantee Fund (IGF)
IGF finances its activities with means collected through two funds: the statutory fund and the assistance fund. Financial means accumulated in these funds are invested in different financial instruments through co-operating banks. The aim of this paper is to analyze IFG's investment activity as well as to assess it against the background of legal and financial market limitations, the financial investment strategies adopted and the condition of the money and capital markets in Poland. Further- more, the problem pertaining to IGF's investment policy benchmark is discussed.
Changes in the Positions of Selected European Metropolises in International Rankings
Contemporary metropolises significantly determine the competitive advantage of national economies and constitute a driving force of their development. The potential of these places consists of a number of factors that cannot always be investigated by means of hard indicators. Therefore, it is helpful to analyze the global rankings of cities that represent metropolises in terms of more subjective criteria. The article analyzes the changes of position of eight selected European metropolises in three international city rankings in the years 2007-2011. On this basis the conclusions about the possible reasons for the pace of changes in the level of cities development were drawn. Particular attention was paid to the importance of the quality of life in the city for the attractiveness of the metropolis.
Tourist Service Consumers in the Time of the Sharing Economy
Research on the sharing economy is gaining popularity due to the development of initiatives and companies coordinating and supporting the exchange of services directly between consumers, such as Couchsurfing, Airbnb or BlaBlaCar. Along with their appearance, there have been changes in the behavior of consumers, including the roles they play in the tourism market. The purpose of the paper is to identify and analyze the role of tourism services consumer in the sharing economy. The research method used to achieve the aim of the study was an analysis of secondary sources. The first part of the paper presents an overview of the phenomenon. The second part presents the symptoms of the sharing economy in tourism and the problems related to its development. Further considerations refer to the changing role of the consumers of tourism services. The analysis helped to identify three roles: the recipient, the provider and the fully sharing consumer. Finally, conclusions and proposals for future research are presented.
The Assessment of the Liquidity of Agricultural Farms in Poland on the Background of the European Union in the Years 2009-2015
The aim of the study was an analysis of the liquidity of agricultural farms in Poland on the background of the European Union. The FADN statistical data was mainly used. That enabled the analysis of the phenomenon by the countries of the European Union in the years 2009-2013 and in layouts by economic size and type of farming. A study was also performed for the Polish regions of FADN.
The Institutional Architecture of the Eurozone and the Dynamics of EU Transformations
The article attempts to show the functioning and the challenges to the stability of the Eurozone in the light of a hypothesis linking monetary systems with the political system of a unitary state. The theoretical reasons and historical circumstances behind the introduction of the euro are discussed the economic results of its first 10 years of the existence and differentiated consequences of the global financial crisis to the countries of the Eurozone are shown. Next, proposals for the reforms of the institutional architecture of the Eurozone which are supposed to improve its stability and efficiency are examined. In conclusion, the paradoxical properties of the political instrumentality of having a single currency as a means to increase solidarity and prosperity of European nations are pointed out.
Economic integration with the EU countries
A Prediction of Cyclical Fluctuations in Economic Variables as a Challeng for Contemporary Economics
The aim of this paper is to identify the mechanisms of cyclical fluctuations in economic variables from the perspective of contemporary economics and evaluate their predictive capabilities. The paper has stressed the substantial research achievements of contemporary mainstream economics in terms of cyclical fluctuations in economic variables. The stochastic conception of fluctuations should be the dominant recognition in contemporary mainstream economics. After the supply or demand shock, an economy returns to equilibrium - usually in an expiring way until it is interrupted by another shock. Continuous shocks make it impossible to achieve a steady state in an economy. Possibilities to identify the moment of the supply or demand shock are really limited; however the mechanism of cyclical fluctuations in economic variables is well recognized.
Fiscal Instability and Demographical Challenges in Poland
In the paper the connection between future demographic changes and the situation of public finances in the medium and long term has been pointed out. It was stressed that ensuring fiscal stability is now a condition for the realization of one of the principles of sustainable development - the principle of intergenerational justice. Theoretical considerations are presented in the first part of the study, which are supplemented by an analysis of the lack of fiscal stability in the period 2000-2015, as well as the projected demographic changes in Poland by 2060. The resulting consequences in the future are also presented. In this study information from the Ministry of Finance were also used, as well as data from the Central Statistical Office and publications of the European Commission: The 2015 Ageing Report and the Fiscal Sustainability Report 2015.
The Practical Aspects of Allergen Management in Meat Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
Food allergies can cause unusual reactions from the immune system which presents incidences of various clinical symptoms. The symptoms have the same character and occur always after eating food of which the person is allergic to. Allergens can be vegetable protein molecules or of animal origin. Food manufacturers have legal requirements to inform customers on labels about all allergens present in any product offered for sale. While in the case of allergen-free products they have to make every effort to avoid cross contamination with allergens which are present in meat factories. The proper management of allergens has the benefit of allowing a company to avoid losses relating to the withdrawal of the product from the market; loss of position in the industry and reduces the risk of having to defend cases in UK courts. The context of this article is the study of the legal regulations and voluntary standards introduced by a company. The aim of this article is to discuss the most important factors for the successful management of allergens by the example of a meat manufacturer in the UK. A group of these factors include food labelling, employee training, risk analysis of cross contamination, audits and the checks of suppliers, validation and verification of the cleaning process and the process of new products in development. The second part of the article is a detailed research into the issue that such a large number of hospitalizations (4,500) and deaths (10) from food allergies still occur every year in the UK, despite all the safety procedures and legislation that is currently in force. These numbers indicate that the legal regulations and the requirements of voluntary standards must continue to improve the management of allergens in food manufacturing.
The Social Security Systems in Belarus, The Republic of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Perspective of the Aging Population
This paper is a well-detailed comparative study of the reforms and changes that have come into existence in the social policies in Belarus, The Republic of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan since the collapse of the USSR. Presenting numbers and statistics essentially concentrate on the phenomenon of the aging populations in the analysed countries. The principal purpose of this investigation is the presentation of the diversity of social security systems (with a particular emphasis on pension schemes) which emerged in the chosen post-soviet republics after their gaining independence after 1991. The research encompasses a specific comparison of several variables: the unique approach of the described countries regarding the calculation of current and future pensions, the structure of budget social expenditures in the last decade and their demographic forecast until 2050. Our distinctive study of pension schemes exposes a very different range of potential threats associated with the correct functioning of currently existing social security systems in the investigated cases. The reason is the significant increase in the number of pensioners (those people above 65 years old) there. The models based on the solidarity pension scheme will only be able to be retained in the countries with a positive population growth trend.
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Global and Regional Security System
In the paper we analyse the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) indicating its possible impact on global and regional security systems. We stress the specific character of this agreement. It comes with the parties' particular characteristics. We examine changes in the positions of the United States and the European Union in the world economy and international trade in the years 1995-2013 (in trade in services and FDI flows, the unavailability of data forced us to analyse a shorter period). We illustrate them with changes of the GDP as well as of shares in the international export of goods and services. Based on values of their mutual trade and FDI flows we present the interconnection of their economies. The point of reference is the global economy and the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). In our opinion closer economic co-operation between the EU and the U.S. is a supplement of their political alliance. Moreover, it will allow both parties to increase their impact on the global economic order including the non-discriminatory liberalization of economic cooperation in the framework of the WTO.
Economic and political integration of Europe
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
The Concept of a Key Managerial Competence as an Answer to the Challenges of Contemporary Management
This article attempts to present and organise the tasks performed by contemporary managers in various positions. The aim of the article is to find a single competence which could be regarded as essential for every manager. After researching the literature, the author proposes that the fundamental managerial ability in the current socio-economic system should be the ability to diagnose the competences necessary for completing a particular task. At the core of this approach is the belief that for the effective management of an organization, managers should have a very precise knowledge of the development needs of their employees.
Assisted Living Facilities for People with Disabilities - Examples of Good Practices
The author analyzes solutions in the field of assisted housing for persons with disabilities and discusses some examples of good practices in the creating and running of sheltered housing or assisted living facilities in Poland by municipalities, social welfare units together with (TBS-social housing society) and non-governmental entities. The author also refers to assisted living facilities in France, pointing to the possibility of using these solutions in Poland as part of social housing. The method used in the article is an analysis of secondary sources: ministerial reports, the substantive reports of institutions, NGO's running of assisted housing facilities, and legal acts, as well as literature on the subject and a review of good practices from Poland and France. The author recommends in the conclusions the use of TBS (social housing society) for the construction of assisted living facilities and sheltered housing, while implementing art. 19 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on promoting the independent life of people with disabilities.
Differences in the Employment Rate of Mothers Bringing Up a Child with a Disability and without Disabilities Źródło
The aim of the article is to compare the rate of employment and factors affecting it in a group of mothers raising children with and without disabilities. The analysis was based on the results of previous research carried out by various research centers, as well as on unit data from the Household Budget Survey 2014. The hypothesis formulated by the authors of the article is as follows: the rate of employment of mothers bringing up a child with a disability is lower than the rate of employment of mothers raising a child without a disability, both in general terms and in each group, separated according to the typical socio-demographic characteristics of the mother. The birth of a child in a family changes its functioning and enforces at least a temporary reduction of work usually by the mother. However, life with a child with disabilities places parents ahead of additional unexpected and time-sensitive, physical and financial challenges, which makes the professional activity of mothers more difficult in this group than in the group of mothers who look after children without disabilities. For women bringing up a child with a disability, work also acquires a therapeutic significance, because it makes for the possibility to detach from the child's disability and take a distance from her life.
Application of Semantic Technologies for the Needs of Integration of Heterogeneous Databases for Local Government
ntegracja danych pochodzących z różnych źródeł stanowi wyzwanie, którego rozwiązaniem pracują naukowcy z różnych ośrodków badawczych. Jednym z największych problemów procesu integracji jest ustalenie, które elementy danego schematu informacyjnego odpowiadają swoim znaczeniem elementom innego schematu. Wysoki poziom skomplikowania i długi czas tworzenia rozwiązań integrujących opartych na języku SQL pociąga za sobą wysokie koszty. Zmiana zbioru integrowanych źródeł często wiąże się z ponoszeniem kolejnych kosztów przebudowy logiki systemu. W celu rozwiązania tego problemu, w ostatnich latach coraz powszechniejsze staje się wykorzystanie technologii semantycznego Internetu. Proponowana w niniejszym artykule metoda integracji heterogenicznych baz danych, wykorzystująca technologie semantyczne, została wdrożona w ramach projektu "Platforma integracyjna jako metodyka tworzenia rozwiązań dla instytucji samorządowych", zrealizowanego przez zespół Katedry Informatyki Ekonomicznej Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu. U podstaw projektu leżało przekonanie, że współdzielenie zasobów (w tym danych) pozwoli jednostkom samorządowym na zmniejszenie kosztów tworzenia, wdrażania i utrzymania systemów przeznaczonych do świadczenia usług drogą elektroniczną.