Précarité énergétique en Europe : existe-t-il une relation de Kuznets?
Mots-clés :
précarité energétique, KuznetsRésumé
La précarité énergétique est un problème récemment identifié en Europe et notamment dans les pays du Sud et de l ' Est de l ' Europe. Le papier propose d ' analyser ce phénomène comme une expression des inégalités environnementales. Il teste la présence d ' une relation de Kuznets entre précarité énergétique et PIB par tête en Europe. Les données sont des données agrégées issues de l ' enquête EU-SILC d ' Eurostat. Elles couvrent 28 pays européens de 2004 à 2017. 2 indicateurs de précarité sont retenus, le pourcentage de personnes étant dans l ' incapacité de maintenir une température suffisamment chaude dans le logement et un indicateur composite. Les résultats d ' estimation montrent l ' existence d ' une relation non linéaire entre précarité énergétique et revenu par tête en forme de U et non pas en forme de U inversé comme dans la relation de Kuznets. Il apparaît qu ' en Europe le développement économique a été un facteur important de réduction de la pauvreté énergétique mais qu ' il existe un seuil de revenu par tête à partir duquel la croissance économique ne réduit plus la précarité énergétique. La conclusion est que pour l ' avenir plus de croissance n ' induira pas systématiquement moins de précarité et que des mesures en faveur de l ' efficacité énergétique et/ou des mesures visant à accroître le pouvoir d ' achat des ménages doivent être mises en place au niveau national.
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