Formulary apportionment in the European Union – future research agenda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.3.798Keywords:
systematic review, BEFIT, consolidted corporate tax base, formulary apportionmentAbstract
This paper is focused on the Formulary Apportionment, to be used within the European Union, hence, to replace the Separate Accounting and arm’s length principle. Reflecting upon the announced European Commission’s Proposal for new framework for business taxation and the foreseeable upswing of the academic discussion focused on the Formulary Apportionment methodology, this paper represents the first systematic literature review on this topic. The main aim of the paper is to identify the relevant prior research, explore the current literature and develop directions for future research. The study identifies eight main thematic clusters, provides an interpretative framework, and suggests valuable future research directions within each thematic cluster as well as general future research agenda.
Downloads
References
Almendral, V. R. (2010). An ever-distant union: The cross-border loss relief conundrum in EU law. Intertax, 38(10), 476–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2010051
View in Google Scholar
Altshuler, R., & Grubert, H. (2010). Formula apportionment: Is it better than the current system and are there better alternatives? National Tax Journal, 63(4), 1145–1184. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2010.4S.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2010.4S.13
View in Google Scholar
Anand, B. N., & Sansing, R. (2000). The weighting game: Formula apportionment as an instrument of public policy. National Tax Journal, 53(2), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2000.2.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2000.2.01
View in Google Scholar
Ancillai, Ch., Sabatini, A., Gatti, M., & Perna, A. (2023). Digital technology and business model innovation: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 188, 122307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122307
View in Google Scholar
Arel-Bundock, V., & Parinandi, S. (2018). Conditional tax competition in American states. Journal of Public Policy, 38(2), 191–220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X17000071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X17000071
View in Google Scholar
Barrios S., d’Andria D., & Gesualdo M. (2020). Reducing tax compliance costs through corporate tax base harmonization in the European Union. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100355
View in Google Scholar
Becker, J., & Fuest, C. (2010). Tax enforcement and tax havens under formula apportionment. International Tax and Public Finance, 17(3), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9121-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9121-4
View in Google Scholar
Becker, J., & Runkel, M. (2013). Corporate tax regime and international allocation of ownership. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 43(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.11.002
View in Google Scholar
Bettendorf, L., Devereux, M. P., van der Horst, A., Loretz, S., & de Mooij, R. A. (2010). Corporate tax harmonization in the EU. Economic Policy, 63, 537–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2010.00248.x
View in Google Scholar
Bettendorf, L., van der Horst, A., de Mooij, R. A., & Vrijburg, H. (2010). Corporate Tax Consolidation and Enhanced Cooperation in the European Union. Fiscal Studies, 31(4), 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2010.00121.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2010.00121.x
View in Google Scholar
Bloch, F., & Demange, G. (2021). Profit-splitting rules and the taxation of multinational digital platforms. International Tax and Public Finance, 28(4), 855–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-020-09643-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-020-09643-0
View in Google Scholar
Bogerd, H. (2007). The attraction and feasibility of formula apportionment for the European Union. EC Tax Review, 16(6), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.54648/ecta2007045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2007045
View in Google Scholar
Borg, J. C. (2013). The tax treatment of losses under the proposed Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base Directive. Intertax, 41(11), 581–587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2013055
View in Google Scholar
Buettner, T., Riedel, N., & Runkel, M. (2011). Strategic consolidation under formula apportionment. National Tax Journal, 64(2), 225–254. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2011.2.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2011.2.01
View in Google Scholar
Ceipek, R., Hautz, J., Mayer, M. C. J., & Matzler, K. (2019). Technological diversification: A systematic review of antecedents, outcomes and moderating effects. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 21(4), 466–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12205
View in Google Scholar
Cerioni, L. (2015). The never-ending ıssue of cross-border loss compensation within the EU: Reconciling balanced allocation of taxing rights and cross-border ability-to-pay. EC Tax Review, 24(5), 268–280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2015027
View in Google Scholar
Cerioni, L. (2016). The quest for a new corporate taxation model and for an effective fight against ınternational tax avoidance within the EU. Intertax, 44(6–7), 463–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2016038
View in Google Scholar
Cerioni, L. (2018). The European Commission proposal for a 3% ‘Call Rate’ as a new suggestion for a EUCIT: An assessment against the criteria for a fair taxation. EC Tax Review, 27(5), 237–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2018026
View in Google Scholar
Cobham A., Janský P., Jones C., & Temouri Y. (2021). An evaluation of the effects of the European Commission’s proposals for the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base. Transnational Corporations, 28(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.18356/2076099x-28-1-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/2076099x-28-1-2
View in Google Scholar
Conrad, R. F. (2006). Interjurisdictional taxation and attribution rules. Public Finance Review, 34(5), 505–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106289029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106289029
View in Google Scholar
Cottani, G. (2016). Formulary apportionment: A revamp in the post-base erosion and profit shifting era? Intertax, 44(10), 755–760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2016065
View in Google Scholar
d’Andria, D., Pontikakis, D., & Skonieczna, A. (2018). Towards a European R&D incentive? An assessment of R&D provisions under a common corporate tax base. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 27(5–6), 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376168
View in Google Scholar
de Groot, I. (2017). Group provisions in the Common (Consolidated) Corporate Tax Base. Intertax, 45(11), 742–749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2017064
View in Google Scholar
de Mooij, R., Liu, L., & Prihardini. D. (2021). An assessment of global formula apportionment. National Tax Journal, 74(2), 431–465. https://doi.org/10.1086/714112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/714112
View in Google Scholar
de Wilde, M. (2020). On the future of business income taxation in Europe. World Tax Journal, 12(1), 79–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59403/2t8y81e
View in Google Scholar
Devereux, M. P., & Fuest, C. (2010). Corporate income tax coordination in the European Union. Transfer-European Review of Labour and Research, 16(1), 23–28. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1024258909357699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258909357699
View in Google Scholar
Devereux, M. P., & Loretz, S. (2008). The effects of EU formula apportionment on corporate tax revenues. Fiscal Studies, 29(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2008.00067.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2008.00067.x
View in Google Scholar
Domonkos, T., Domonkos Š., Dolinajcová, M., & Grisáková, N. (2013). The effect of the formula apportionment of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base on tax revenue in the Slovak Republic. Ekonomický Časopis, 61(5), 453–467.
View in Google Scholar
Eberhartinger, E., & Petutschnig, M. (2017). CCCTB: The employment factor game. European Journal of Law and Economics, 43(2), 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-015-9505-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-015-9505-0
View in Google Scholar
Edmiston, K. D. (2002). Strategic apportionment of the state corporate income tax— An applied general equilibrium analysis. National Tax Journal, 55(2), 239–262. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2002.2.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2002.2.03
View in Google Scholar
Edmiston, K. D., & del Granado, F. J. A. (2006). Economic effects of apportionment formula changes results from a panel of corporate income tax returns. Public Finance Review, 34(5), 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106289016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106289016
View in Google Scholar
Eggert, W., & Haufler, A. (2006). Fiscal policy in action—Company-tax coordination cum tax-rate competition in the European Union. Finanzarchiv, 62(4), 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1628/001522106X172706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/001522106X172706
View in Google Scholar
Eichfelder, S., Hechtner, F., & Hundsdoerfer, J. (2018) Formula apportionment: Factor allocation and tax avoidance. European Accounting Review, 27(4), 649–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2017.1364165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2017.1364165
View in Google Scholar
Eichner, T., & Runkel, M. (2008). Why the European Union should adopt formula apportionment with a sales factor. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(3), 567– 589. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00551.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00551.x
View in Google Scholar
Eichner, T., & Runkel, M. (2009). Corporate income taxation of multinationals and unemployment. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(5), 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.04.001
View in Google Scholar
Eichner, T., & Runkel, M. (2011). Corporate income taxation of multinationals in a general equilibrium model. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 723–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.12.004
View in Google Scholar
Eichner, T., & Runkel, M. (2012). Efficient tax competition under formula apportionment without the sales factor. Economics Bulletin, 32(4), 2828–2838.
View in Google Scholar
Faccio, T., & Fitzgerald, V. (2018). Sharing the corporate tax base: Equitable taxing of multinationals and the choice of formulary apportionment. Transnational Corporations, 25(2), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.18356/7b2c8305-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/7b2c8305-en
View in Google Scholar
Fernandez, M. J. G. T. (2012). Corporate tax harmonization: Key issues for ensuring an efficient ımplementation of the CCCTB. Intertax, 40(11), 598–605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2012061
View in Google Scholar
Fox, W. F., Murray, M. N., & Luna, L. (2005). How should a subnational corporate income tax on multistate businesses be structured? National Tax Journal, 58(1), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2005.1.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2005.1.07
View in Google Scholar
Fuest, C. (2008). The European Commission’s proposal for a common consolidated corporate tax base. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(4), 720–739. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn032
View in Google Scholar
Fuest, C., Hemmelgarn, T., & Ramb, F. (2007). How would the introduction of an EU-wide formula apportionment affect the distribution and size of the corporate tax base? An analysis based on German multinationals. International Tax and Public Finance, 14(5), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-9008-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-9008-6
View in Google Scholar
Garbarino, C. (2014). Tax design ıssues in respect to foreign branches and controlled companies and the feasibility of a consolidation area in the EU. EC Tax Review, 23(1), 16–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2014003
View in Google Scholar
Goolsbee, A., & Maydew, E. L. (2000). Coveting thy neighbor’s manufacturing: the dilemma of state income apportionment. Journal of Public Economics, 75(1), 125– 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00036-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00036-5
View in Google Scholar
Gordon, B. (2014). Tax competition and harmonisation under EU law: Economic realities and legal rules. European Law Review, 39(6), 790–811.
View in Google Scholar
Gordon, R., & Wilson, J. D. (1986). An examination of multijurisdictional corporate-ıncome taxation under formula apportionment. Econometrica, 54(6), 1357–1373. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1914303
View in Google Scholar
Greil, S., Müller R., & Olbert, M. (2019). Transfer pricing for digital business models: Early evidence of challenges and options for reform. World Tax Journal, 11(4), 557–588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59403/3rbsghz
View in Google Scholar
Gresik, T. A. (2016). Allowing firms to choose between separate accounting and formula apportionment taxation. Journal of Public Economics, 138, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.04.002
View in Google Scholar
Gupta, S., Moore, J., Gramlich, J., & Hofmann, M. A. (2009). Empirical evidence on the revenue effects of state corporate income tax policies. National Tax Journal, 62(2), 237–267. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2009.2.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2009.2.03
View in Google Scholar
Gutmann, D., & de la Bletiere, E. R. (2017). CC(C)TB and international taxation. EC Tax Review, 26(5), 233–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2017026
View in Google Scholar
Hellerstein, W., & McLure, C. E. (2004). The European Commission’s report on company income taxation: What the EU can learn from the experience of the US states. International Tax and Public Finance, 11(2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1023/ B:ITAX.0000011400.45314.57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000011400.45314.57
View in Google Scholar
Herzig, N., Teschke, M., & Joisten, C. (2010). Between extremes: Merging the advantages of separate accounting and unitary taxation. Intertax, 38(6–7), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.54648/taxi2010037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2010037
View in Google Scholar
Hodzic, S. (2015). The ımpacts of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base in Croatia. Ekonomski Vjesnik, 28(2), 327–338.
View in Google Scholar
Hundsdoerfer, J., & Wagner, J. (2020). How accurately does the CCCTB apportionment formula allocate profits? An evaluation of the European Commission pro¬posal. Journal of Business Economics, 90(4), 495–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-019-00962-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-019-00962-1
View in Google Scholar
Jarass, L., & Obermair, G. M. (2008). Tax on earnings before interest and taxes instead of profit—fair, simple and competitive: A conceivable initiative of EU Member States for a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base. EC Tax Review, 17(3), 111–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2008062
View in Google Scholar
Khan Niazi, S. U. (2017). Re-launch of the proposal for a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) in the EU: A shift in paradigm. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 44(3), 293–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/LEIE2017015
View in Google Scholar
Kiesewetter, D., Steigenberger, T., & Stier M. (2018). Can formula apportionment really prevent multinational enterprises from profit shifting? The role of asset valu¬ation, intragroup debt, and leases. Journal of Business Economics, 88(9), 1029– 1060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0891-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0891-y
View in Google Scholar
Kind, H. J., Midelfart, K. H., & Schjelderup, G. (2005). Corporate tax systems, multinational enterprises, and economic integration. Journal of International Economics, 65(2), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.06.002
View in Google Scholar
Krchnivá, K., & Nerudová, D. (2018). The CCCTB allocation formula game: The performance of economic sectors. Prague Economic Papers, 27(4), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.660
View in Google Scholar
Kudrle, R. T. (2009). Ending the tax haven scandals. Global Economy Journal, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1520
View in Google Scholar
Lacova, Z., & Hunady, J. (2018). The consequences of tax base rules on enterprise ınnovation in the European Union. Modeling Innovation Sustainability and Technologies, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67101-7_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67101-7_3
View in Google Scholar
Lehoux, L., Duck, H., Akhmadeev, R., Morozova, T., & Bykanova, O. (2019). Sustainable development facets: Taxation solutions for the energy industry. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 9(2), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2019.9.2(8) DOI: https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2019.9.2(8)
View in Google Scholar
Liesegang, C., & Runkel, M. (2019). Equalizing tax bases or tax revenues under tax competition? The role of formula apportionment. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 21(1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12319
View in Google Scholar
Llopis, E. L. (2017). Formulary apportionment in the European Union. Intertax, 45(10), 631-641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2017054
View in Google Scholar
Mardan, M., & Stimmelmayr, M. (2018). Tax revenue losses through cross-border loss offset: An insurmountable hurdle for formula apportionment? European Economic Review, 102, 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.12.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.12.007
View in Google Scholar
Martini, J. T., Niemann, R., & Simons, D. (2012). Transfer pricing or formula apportionment? Tax-induced distortions of multinationals’ investment and production decisions. Contemporary Accounting Research, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2012.01140.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2012.01140.x
View in Google Scholar
Martini, J. T., Niemann, R., & Simons, D. (2016). Tax-induced distortions of effort and compensation in a principal-agent setting. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 27, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2016.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2016.07.002
View in Google Scholar
Martins, A., & Taborda, D. (2022). BEFIT and formulary apportionment: Should ıntangibles be ıncluded in the formula? EC Tax Review, 31(3), 131–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ECTA2022013
View in Google Scholar
Matsumoto, M. (2016). Public-input provision under formula apportionment. Finanzarchiv, 72(1), 74–95. https://doi.org/10.1628/001522116X14557023949256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/001522116X14557023949256
View in Google Scholar
Mayer, S. (2009). Formulary apportionment for the internal market. IBFD Doctoral Series.
View in Google Scholar
McGaughey, S. L., & Raimondos, P. (2019). Shifting MNE taxation from national to global profits: A radical reform long overdue. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(9), 1668–1683. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00233-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00233-9
View in Google Scholar
McLure, C. E., Jr. (1981). The elusive ıncidence of the corporate ıncome tax: The state case. Public Finance Review, 9(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/109114218100900402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109114218100900402
View in Google Scholar
McLure, C. E., Jr. (2000). Implementing state corporate income taxes in the digital age. National Tax Journal, 53(4, part 3), 1287–1305. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2000.4s2.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2000.4S2.02
View in Google Scholar
Merriman, D. (2015). A replication of coveting thy neighbor’s manufacturing: The dilemma of state income apportionment. Public Finance Review, 43(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142114537892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142114537892
View in Google Scholar
Mitroyanni, I., & Putzolu, C. (2009). CCCTB and business reorganizations the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base and business reorganizations. Intertax, 37(8–9), 436–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2009045
View in Google Scholar
Munnell, A. H. (1992, September). Taxation of capital ıncome in a global economy—An overview. New England Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 33–52.
View in Google Scholar
Musgrave, P. (1972). International tax base division and the multinational corporation. Public Finance, 27, 394–413.
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová, D., & Krchnivá, K. (2016). Tax sharing under the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base: Measurement of the profit generating factors in the agriculture sector. Agricultural Economics, 62(8), 363–377. https://doi.or¬g/10.17221/222/2015-AGRICECON DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/222/2015-AGRICECON
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová, D., & Solilová, V. (2015). The ımpact of the CCCTB ıntroduction on the distribution of the group tax bases across the EU: The study for the Czech Republic. Prague Economic Papers, 24(6), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.514
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová, D., & Solilová, V. (2017). Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base system re-launching: Simulation of the impact on the Slovak budget revenues. Ekonomický Časopis, 65(6), 559–578.
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová, D., & Solilová, V. (2018). Mandatory CCCTB implementation in the Eurozone and its impact on corporate tax revenues in the Czech Republic. E & M Ekonomie a Management, 21(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2018-1-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2018-1-001
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová D., & Solilová V. (2019). The impact of the introduction of a CCCTB in the EU. Intereconomics, 54(3), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0815-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0815-2
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová D., Solilová V., Litzman M., & Janský P. (2020). International tax planning within the structure of corporate entities owned by the shareholder-individuals through Panama Papers destinations. Development Policy Review, 38(1), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12403
View in Google Scholar
Nerudová, D., Solilová, V., & Litzman, M. (2021). Is there a real chance to adopt the CCCTB without UK participation in the EU? Ekonomický Časopis, 69(6), 582–603. https://doi.org/10.31577/ekoncas.2021.06.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/ekoncas.2021.06.02
View in Google Scholar
Nielsen, S. B., Raimondos-Møller, P., & Schjelderup G. (2003). Formula apportionment and transfer pricing under oligopolistic competition. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 5(2), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9779.00140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9779.00140
View in Google Scholar
Oestreicher, A., & Koch, R. (2011). The revenue consequences of using a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base to determine taxable ıncome in the EU Member States. Finanzarchiv, 67(1), 64–102. https://doi.org/10.1628/001522111X574191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/001522111X574191
View in Google Scholar
Ortmann, R., & Sureth-Sloane, C. (2016). Can the CCCTB alleviate tax discrimination against loss-making European multinational groups? Journal of Business Economics, 86(5), 441–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-015-0780-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-015-0780-6
View in Google Scholar
Perotto, G. (2021). How to cope with harmful tax competition in the EU legal order: Going beyond the elusive Quest for a definition and the misplaced reliance on state aid law. European Journal of Legal Studies, 13(1), 309–340. https://doi.org/10.2924/EJLS.2019.052
View in Google Scholar
Pethig, R., & Wagener, A. (2007). Profit tax competition and formula apportionment. International Tax and Public Finance, 14(6), 631–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-9017-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-9017-5
View in Google Scholar
Petkova, K., & Weichenrieder, A. J. (2020). The relevance of depreciation allowances as a fiscal policy instrument: A hybrid approach to CCCTB? Empirica, 47(3), 579– 610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09441-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09441-w
View in Google Scholar
Pinto, S. M. (2007). Corporate profit tax, capital mobility, and formula apportionment. Journal of Urban Economics, 62(1), 76–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.08.008
View in Google Scholar
Pirvu, D., Banica L., & Hagiu, A. (2011). Implications of the common consolidated corporate tax base introduction on tax revenues (case study on Romania). Romanian Journal of Political Science, 11(1), 91–102.
View in Google Scholar
Polezharova, L. V., & Krasnobaeva, A. M. (2020). E-commerce taxation in Russia: Problems and approaches. Journal of Tax Reform, 6(2), 104–123. https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2020.6.2.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2020.6.2.077
View in Google Scholar
Quentin, D. (2017). Corporate tax reform and “value creation”: Towards unfettered diagonal re-allocation across the global inequality chain. Accounting, Economics and Law, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2016-0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2016-0020
View in Google Scholar
Riedel, N. (2010). The downside of formula apportionment: Evidence on factor demand distortions. International Tax and Public Finance, 17(3), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9116-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9116-1
View in Google Scholar
Riedel, N. (2011). Taxing multi-nationals under union wage bargaining. International Tax and Public Finance, 18(4), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9164-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9164-1
View in Google Scholar
Riedel, N., & Runkel, M. (2007). Company tax reform with a water’s edge. Journal of Public Economics, 91(7–8), 1533–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.001
View in Google Scholar
Roggeman, A., Verleyen, I., Van Cauwenberge, P., & Coppens, C. (2012). An empirical investigation into the design of an EU apportionment formula related to profit generating factors. Transformations in Business & Economics, 11(3), 36–56.
View in Google Scholar
Roggeman, A., Verleyen, I., Van Cauwenberge, P., & Coppens, C. (2013). The EU apportionment formula: Insights from a business case. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(2), 235–251. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3846/16111699.2011.638668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.638668
View in Google Scholar
Roggeman, A., Verleyen, I., Van Cauwenberge, P., & Coppens, C. (2014). Impact of a Common Corporate Tax Base on the effective tax burden in Belgium. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 15(3), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.807869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.807869
View in Google Scholar
Runkel, M., & Schjelderup, G. (2011). The choice of apportionment factors under formula apportionment. International Economic Review, 52(3), 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2011.00654.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2011.00654.x
View in Google Scholar
Russo, A. (2005). Formulary apportionment for Europe: An analysis and a proposal. Intertax, 33(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.54648/taxi2005001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2005001
View in Google Scholar
Sadiq, K. (2015). The case for unitary taxation with formulary apportionment in the finance sector and the effect on developing nations. Australian Tax Review, 44(2), 75–98.
View in Google Scholar
Schaltegger, S., Christ, K. L., Wenzig, J., & Burritt, R. L. (2021). Corporate sustainability management accounting and multi-level links for sustainability—A systematic review. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 24(4), 480–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12288
View in Google Scholar
Schreiber, U., & Fuhrich, G. (2009). European group taxation-the role of exit taxes. European Journal of Law and Economics, 27(3), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-008-9090-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-008-9090-6
View in Google Scholar
Shackelford, D., & Slemrod, J. (1998). The revenue consequences of using formula apportionment to calculate US and foreign-source income: A firm-le¬vel analysis. International Tax and Public Finance, 5, 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008664408465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008664408465
View in Google Scholar
Solilová, V., Nerudová, D., & Litzman, M. (2016). Implementation of Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base and its ımplications for non-participating country: A case study for the Czech Republic. Ekonomickýy Časopis, 64(3), 282–298.
View in Google Scholar
Sørensen, P. B. (2004). Company tax reform in the European Union. International Tax and Public Finance, 11(1), 91–115. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000004778.63592.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000004778.63592.96
View in Google Scholar
Sosnowski M. (2014). Dilemmas of tax-inducted location decisions. Journal of International Studies, 7(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2014/7- 2/7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2014/7-2/7
View in Google Scholar
Spinosa, L., & Chand, V. (2018). A long-term solution for taxing digitalized business models: Should the permanent establishment definition be modified to resolve the issue or should the focus be on a shared taxing rights mechanism? Intertax, 46(6–7), 476–494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2018052
View in Google Scholar
Swenson, C. W. (2015). The cash flow and behavioral effects of switching to a single sales factor on state taxation. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 37(2), 75–107. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-51203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-51203
View in Google Scholar
van de Streek, J. (2012). The CCCTB concept of consolidation and the rules on entering a group. Intertax, 40(1), 24–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TAXI2012003
View in Google Scholar
Weiner, J. M. (2006). Company tax reform in the European Union: Guidance from the United States and Canada on ımplementing formulary apportionment in the EU. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29487-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29487-2
View in Google Scholar
Wetzler, J. W. (1995). Should the us adopt formula apportionment? National Tax Journal, 48(3), 357–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41789153
View in Google Scholar
Wrede, M. (2013). Multinational financial structure and tax competition. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 149(3), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399396
View in Google Scholar
Wrede, M. (2014). Asymmetric tax competition with formula apportionment. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 7(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-013-0100-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-013-0100-0
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2023-10-12 (2)
- 2023-08-28 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Markéta Mlčúchová
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.