Third time lucky: An analysis of Paris’ bids for the Olympic Games in 2008, 2012 and 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18559/ref.2022.2.5Keywords:
Olympic Games, Paris, urban development, strategyAbstract
Hosting the Olympic Games has become a unique occasion to implement several projects aimed at upgrading public infrastructure and improving the economic performance of the host city. Thus, some cities are so determined to host the Olympics that they decide to bid multiple times. One of the examples of such a city is Paris, which since the 2000s has submitted its bids three times, for 2008, 2012, and 2024, of which the last attempt turned out to be successful. Based on the above, the main aim of this article is to present the trajectory of changes and developments made by the three successive bid attempts, with an emphasis on the latest successful campaign. This study demonstrates that there are some recurrent ideas, projects, and plans shared by each bid with some modifications to emphasize their uniqueness, novelty, and up-to-date approach. In some aspects, the Paris 2024 bid builds on its previous candidature from 2012 in the field of long-term legacy effects and sustainability. Therefore, there is a consistent action taken by the bid managers and city authorities in terms of using the Olympic Games as a tool for urban regeneration and sports development.Downloads
References
Agha, N., Fairley, S., & Gibson, H. (2012). Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional con- struct: The legacy of the Olympic Games. Sport Management Review, 15(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004
Baade, R. A., & Matheson, V. A. (2016). Going for the gold: The economics of the Olympics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.201
Bason, T. (2019). Every loser wins? Leveraging an Olympic bid [doctoral thesis]. Manchester Metropolitan University. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/622965/
Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2018). Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(1), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106
Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2020). Every loser wins: Leveraging ‘unsuccessful’ Olympic bids for positive benefits. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1838590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1838590
Boykoff, J. (2017). Green games: The Olympics, sustainability and Rio 2016. In A. S. Zimbalist (Ed.), Rio 2016: Olympic myths, hard realities (pp. 179–205). Brookings Institution Press.
Braathen, E., Mascarenhas, G., & Sørbøe, C. (2017). Rio’s ruinous mega-events. In A. Garcia & P. Bond (Eds.), BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique (pp. 160–170). Haymarket Books.
Brückner, M., & Pappa, E. (2015). News shocks in the data: Olympic Games and their mac- roeconomic effects. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 47(7), 1339–1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12247
Burbank, M. J., Andranovich, G., & Heying, C. H. (2002). Mega-events, urban development and public policy. Review of Policy Research, 19(3), 179–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2002.tb00301.x
Butler, N. (2017, March 27). Paris 2024 become first Olympic bid to receive sustainability award. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1048595/paris-2024-become-first-olympic-bid-to-receive-sustainability-award
Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: A history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14(4), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184
Chappelet, J.-L. (2016). From Olympic administration to Olympic governance. Sport in Society, 19(6), 739–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1108648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1108648
Chappelet, J.-L. (2021). The governance of the Olympic system: From one to many stake- holders. Journal of Global Sport Management, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899767
Chen, Y. (2015). Legacy Creation Strategy in Olympic Cities: The path towards sustainable development? International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.3.1_74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.3.1_74
Chestin, I. (2014, February 14). Sochi Olympics have left a trail of environmental destruction. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/sochi-olympics-have-left-a-trail-of-environmental-destruction-23112
Davies, L. E. (2012). Beyond the Games: Regeneration legacies and London 2012. Leisure Studies, 31(3), 309–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.649779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.649779
Dolan, P., Kavetsos, G., Krekel, C., Mavridis, D., Metcalfe, R., Senik, C., Szymanski, S., & Ziebarth, N. R. (2019). Quantifying the intangible impact of the Olympics using subjective well-being data. Journal of Public Economics, 177, 104043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.07.002
Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: Catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123
Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (2003). Urban transformation from hosting the Olympic Games: University lecture on the Olympics. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UAB), 20.
Evans, G., & Edizel, Ö. (2017). London 2012. In J. Gold & M. Gold (Eds.), Olympic cities. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315735887
Firgo, M. (2021). The causal economic effects of Olympic Games on host regions. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 88, 103673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103673
Furrer, P. (2002). Sustainable Olympic Games. A dream or a reality? Bollettino Della Società Geografica Italiana, 7(4).
Gaffney, C. (2013). Between discourse and reality: The un-sustainability of mega-event planning. Sustainability, (5), 3926–3940. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5093926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su5093926
Garcia, D., & Moreira, G. (2017, August 11). What is Rio’s Olympic legacy? It depends on whom you talk to in Brazil. https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/20306832/olympics-espn-brazil-investigates-rio-post-games-legacy-looks-like
Geffroy, D., Oliver, R., Juran, L., & Skuzinski, T. (2021). Projecting the Metropolis: Paris 2024 and the (re)scaling of metropolitan governance. Cities, 114, 103189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103189
Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (Eds.). (2017). Olympic cities: City agendas, planning and the world’s games, 1896-2020 (2rd ed.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Gold, J., & Gold, M. (2013). “Bring it under the legacy umbrella”: Olympic host cities and the changing fortunes of the sustainability agenda. Sustainability, 5(8), 3526–3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5083526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su5083526
Golubchikov, O. (2016). The 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics: Who stands to gain? In Transparency International. Global Corruption Report: Sport (pp. 183–191). Routledge. Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023
Harvey, D. (1989). From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 71(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/490503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1989.11879583
Houston, M. (2022, August 31). Paris 2024 stresses need to balance budget and ‘think outside the box’ for Olympics. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1127528/paris-2024-budget-olympics
IOC. (n.d.). How are the Olympic Games financed? International Olympic Committee. Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/roles-and-responsi- bilities-of-the-ioc-and-its-partners/how-are-the-olympic-games-financed
IOC. (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020: 20 + 20 recommendations. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_ Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf
IOC. (2017). Legacy strategic approach: Moving forward. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Olympic-Legacy/IOC_Legacy_Strategy_Full_version.pdf
IOC. (2018, February 6). The new norm: It’s a Games changer. International Olympic Committee. https://www.olympic.org/news/the-new-norm-it-s-a-games-changer
IOC. (2020). Olympic Marketing Fact File: 2020 Edition. International Olympic Committee. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/355225/olympic-marketing-fact-file-2020-international-olympic-committee-marketing-department?_lg=en-GB
Kavetsos, G., & Szymanski, S. (2010). National well-being and international sports events. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005
Langer, V. C. E., Maennig, W., & Richter, F. (2018). The Olympic Games as a news shock: Macroeconomic implications. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(6), 884–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002517690788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002517690788
London 2012 Candidate City. (2004). Official bid file of London for the Summer Olympic Games in 2012.
MacRury, I. (2009). Branding the Games: Commercialism and the Olympic city. In G. Poynter & I. MacRury (Eds.), Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London (pp. 43–72). Ashgate Publishing.
Maennig, W., & Richter, F. (2012). Exports and Olympic Games: Is there a signal effect? Journal of Sports Economics, 13(6), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512454663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512454663
Müller, M. (2015). The mega-event syndrome: Why so much goes wrong in mega-event planning and what to do about it. Journal of the American Planning Association, 81(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292
Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the urban impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games from 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830
Müller, M., Wolfe, S. D., Gaffney, C., Gogishvili, D., Hug, M., & Leick, A. (2021). An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games. Nature Sustainability, 4(4), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5
O’Sullivan, F. (2019, April 8). Can Paris’s Olympic Village make for a healthier Saint-Denis? https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-08/paris-s-olympic-promises-in-saint-denis
Parent, M. M. (2013). Olympic Games stakeholder governance and management. In S. Frawley & D. Adair (Eds.), Managing the Olympics (pp. 15–32). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588_2
Paris 2008 Candidate City. (2000). Paris 2008 Candidature File. Vol. 1-3. Paris 2008 Candidature Committee.
Paris 2012 Candidate City. (2004). Paris 2012 Candidature File. Vol. 1-3. Paris 2012 Candidature Committee. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/jepam.098.0003
Paris 2024 Candidate City. (2016). Candidature File: Phase 1. Vol. 1.
Paris 2024 Candidate City. (2017). Candidature File: Phase 3. Vol. 3.
The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2021a). Sustainability and legacy report.
The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2021b). The legacy and sustainability plan for the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2022). Opening up the Games in style: Olympic presentation pack: Paris 2024.
Pavitt, M. (2020, November 21). Paris 2024 opponents hold protest march in Seine-Saint- Denis region. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1101065/paris-2024-protest-olympic-sites
Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957
Rose, A. K., & Spiegel, M. M. (2011). The Olympic effect. The Economic Journal, 121(553), 652–677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x
SOLIDEO. (n.d.). Financing. Société de Livraison des Ouvrages Olympiques—SOLIDEO. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://www.ouvrages-olympiques.fr/en/missions/financing
VanWynsberghe, R., Derom, I., & Pentifallo Gadd, C. (2021). Legacy and sustainability in the Olympic Movement’s new norm era: When reforms are not enough. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898442
Wolfe, S. D. (2022). Building a better host city? Reforming and contesting the Olympics in Paris 2024. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221129409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221129409
World Bank. (2022). GDP deflator. World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Julia Jastrząbek

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Research Papers in Economics and Finance (REF) is committed to open access. All of the REF` s paper are free to access immediately from the date of publication. There are no author charges, known as APCs, before release, and no charge for any reader to download articles.
The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) applies to articles published in Research Papers in Economics and Finance from Vol. 4, No. 3, 2020 to present. This license is acceptable for Free Cultural Works. You are free to share and adapt. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
The Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) applies to articles published in Research Papers in Economics and Finance up to Vol. 4, No. 2, 2020 inclusive. You are free to share and adapt. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.