Third time lucky: An analysis of Paris’ bids for the Olympic Games in 2008, 2012 and 2024

Julia Jastrząbek

doi:10.18559/ref.2022.2.5

Authors

Julia Jastrząbek Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18559/ref.2022.2.5

Keywords:

Olympic Games, Paris, urban development, strategy

Abstract

Hosting the Olympic Games has become a unique occasion to implement several projects aimed at upgrading public infrastructure and improving the economic performance of the host city. Thus, some cities are so determined to host the Olympics that they decide to bid multiple times. One of the examples of such a city is Paris, which since the 2000s has submitted its bids three times, for 2008, 2012, and 2024, of which the last attempt turned out to be successful. Based on the above, the main aim of this article is to present the trajectory of changes and developments made by the three successive bid attempts, with an emphasis on the latest successful campaign. This study demonstrates that there are some recurrent ideas, projects, and plans shared by each bid with some modifications to emphasize their uniqueness, novelty, and up-to-date approach. In some aspects, the Paris 2024 bid builds on its previous candidature from 2012 in the field of long-term legacy effects and sustainability. Therefore, there is a consistent action taken by the bid managers and city authorities in terms of using the Olympic Games as a tool for urban regeneration and sports development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Julia Jastrząbek, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poland

Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poland

References

Agha, N., Fairley, S., & Gibson, H. (2012). Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional con- struct: The legacy of the Olympic Games. Sport Management Review, 15(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004
View in Google Scholar

Baade, R. A., & Matheson, V. A. (2016). Going for the gold: The economics of the Olympics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.201
View in Google Scholar

Bason, T. (2019). Every loser wins? Leveraging an Olympic bid [doctoral thesis]. Manchester Metropolitan University. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/622965/
View in Google Scholar

Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2018). Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(1), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106
View in Google Scholar

Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2020). Every loser wins: Leveraging ‘unsuccessful’ Olympic bids for positive benefits. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1838590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1838590
View in Google Scholar

Boykoff, J. (2017). Green games: The Olympics, sustainability and Rio 2016. In A. S. Zimbalist (Ed.), Rio 2016: Olympic myths, hard realities (pp. 179–205). Brookings Institution Press.
View in Google Scholar

Braathen, E., Mascarenhas, G., & Sørbøe, C. (2017). Rio’s ruinous mega-events. In A. Garcia & P. Bond (Eds.), BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique (pp. 160–170). Haymarket Books.
View in Google Scholar

Brückner, M., & Pappa, E. (2015). News shocks in the data: Olympic Games and their mac- roeconomic effects. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 47(7), 1339–1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12247
View in Google Scholar

Burbank, M. J., Andranovich, G., & Heying, C. H. (2002). Mega-events, urban development and public policy. Review of Policy Research, 19(3), 179–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2002.tb00301.x
View in Google Scholar

Butler, N. (2017, March 27). Paris 2024 become first Olympic bid to receive sustainability award. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1048595/paris-2024-become-first-olympic-bid-to-receive-sustainability-award
View in Google Scholar

Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: A history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14(4), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184
View in Google Scholar

Chappelet, J.-L. (2016). From Olympic administration to Olympic governance. Sport in Society, 19(6), 739–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1108648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1108648
View in Google Scholar

Chappelet, J.-L. (2021). The governance of the Olympic system: From one to many stake- holders. Journal of Global Sport Management, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899767
View in Google Scholar

Chen, Y. (2015). Legacy Creation Strategy in Olympic Cities: The path towards sustainable development? International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.3.1_74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.3.1_74
View in Google Scholar

Chestin, I. (2014, February 14). Sochi Olympics have left a trail of environmental destruction. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/sochi-olympics-have-left-a-trail-of-environmental-destruction-23112
View in Google Scholar

Davies, L. E. (2012). Beyond the Games: Regeneration legacies and London 2012. Leisure Studies, 31(3), 309–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.649779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.649779
View in Google Scholar

Dolan, P., Kavetsos, G., Krekel, C., Mavridis, D., Metcalfe, R., Senik, C., Szymanski, S., & Ziebarth, N. R. (2019). Quantifying the intangible impact of the Olympics using subjective well-being data. Journal of Public Economics, 177, 104043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.07.002
View in Google Scholar

Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: Catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123
View in Google Scholar

Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (2003). Urban transformation from hosting the Olympic Games: University lecture on the Olympics. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UAB), 20.
View in Google Scholar

Evans, G., & Edizel, Ö. (2017). London 2012. In J. Gold & M. Gold (Eds.), Olympic cities. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315735887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315735887
View in Google Scholar

Firgo, M. (2021). The causal economic effects of Olympic Games on host regions. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 88, 103673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103673
View in Google Scholar

Furrer, P. (2002). Sustainable Olympic Games. A dream or a reality? Bollettino Della Società Geografica Italiana, 7(4).
View in Google Scholar

Gaffney, C. (2013). Between discourse and reality: The un-sustainability of mega-event planning. Sustainability, (5), 3926–3940. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5093926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su5093926
View in Google Scholar

Garcia, D., & Moreira, G. (2017, August 11). What is Rio’s Olympic legacy? It depends on whom you talk to in Brazil. https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/20306832/olympics-espn-brazil-investigates-rio-post-games-legacy-looks-like
View in Google Scholar

Geffroy, D., Oliver, R., Juran, L., & Skuzinski, T. (2021). Projecting the Metropolis: Paris 2024 and the (re)scaling of metropolitan governance. Cities, 114, 103189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103189
View in Google Scholar

Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (Eds.). (2017). Olympic cities: City agendas, planning and the world’s games, 1896-2020 (2rd ed.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
View in Google Scholar

Gold, J., & Gold, M. (2013). “Bring it under the legacy umbrella”: Olympic host cities and the changing fortunes of the sustainability agenda. Sustainability, 5(8), 3526–3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5083526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su5083526
View in Google Scholar

Golubchikov, O. (2016). The 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics: Who stands to gain? In Transparency International. Global Corruption Report: Sport (pp. 183–191). Routledge. Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023
View in Google Scholar

Harvey, D. (1989). From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 71(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/490503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1989.11879583
View in Google Scholar

Houston, M. (2022, August 31). Paris 2024 stresses need to balance budget and ‘think outside the box’ for Olympics. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1127528/paris-2024-budget-olympics
View in Google Scholar

IOC. (n.d.). How are the Olympic Games financed? International Olympic Committee. Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/roles-and-responsi- bilities-of-the-ioc-and-its-partners/how-are-the-olympic-games-financed
View in Google Scholar

IOC. (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020: 20 + 20 recommendations. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_ Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf
View in Google Scholar

IOC. (2017). Legacy strategic approach: Moving forward. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Olympic-Legacy/IOC_Legacy_Strategy_Full_version.pdf
View in Google Scholar

IOC. (2018, February 6). The new norm: It’s a Games changer. International Olympic Committee. https://www.olympic.org/news/the-new-norm-it-s-a-games-changer
View in Google Scholar

IOC. (2020). Olympic Marketing Fact File: 2020 Edition. International Olympic Committee. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/355225/olympic-marketing-fact-file-2020-international-olympic-committee-marketing-department?_lg=en-GB
View in Google Scholar

Kavetsos, G., & Szymanski, S. (2010). National well-being and international sports events. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005
View in Google Scholar

Langer, V. C. E., Maennig, W., & Richter, F. (2018). The Olympic Games as a news shock: Macroeconomic implications. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(6), 884–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002517690788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002517690788
View in Google Scholar

London 2012 Candidate City. (2004). Official bid file of London for the Summer Olympic Games in 2012.
View in Google Scholar

MacRury, I. (2009). Branding the Games: Commercialism and the Olympic city. In G. Poynter & I. MacRury (Eds.), Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London (pp. 43–72). Ashgate Publishing.
View in Google Scholar

Maennig, W., & Richter, F. (2012). Exports and Olympic Games: Is there a signal effect? Journal of Sports Economics, 13(6), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512454663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512454663
View in Google Scholar

Müller, M. (2015). The mega-event syndrome: Why so much goes wrong in mega-event planning and what to do about it. Journal of the American Planning Association, 81(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292
View in Google Scholar

Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the urban impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games from 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830
View in Google Scholar

Müller, M., Wolfe, S. D., Gaffney, C., Gogishvili, D., Hug, M., & Leick, A. (2021). An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games. Nature Sustainability, 4(4), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5
View in Google Scholar

O’Sullivan, F. (2019, April 8). Can Paris’s Olympic Village make for a healthier Saint-Denis? https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-08/paris-s-olympic-promises-in-saint-denis
View in Google Scholar

Parent, M. M. (2013). Olympic Games stakeholder governance and management. In S. Frawley & D. Adair (Eds.), Managing the Olympics (pp. 15–32). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588_2
View in Google Scholar

Paris 2008 Candidate City. (2000). Paris 2008 Candidature File. Vol. 1-3. Paris 2008 Candidature Committee.
View in Google Scholar

Paris 2012 Candidate City. (2004). Paris 2012 Candidature File. Vol. 1-3. Paris 2012 Candidature Committee. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/jepam.098.0003
View in Google Scholar

Paris 2024 Candidate City. (2016). Candidature File: Phase 1. Vol. 1.
View in Google Scholar

Paris 2024 Candidate City. (2017). Candidature File: Phase 3. Vol. 3.
View in Google Scholar

The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2021a). Sustainability and legacy report.
View in Google Scholar

The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2021b). The legacy and sustainability plan for the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Paris 2024 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. (2022). Opening up the Games in style: Olympic presentation pack: Paris 2024.
View in Google Scholar

Pavitt, M. (2020, November 21). Paris 2024 opponents hold protest march in Seine-Saint- Denis region. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1101065/paris-2024-protest-olympic-sites
View in Google Scholar

Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957
View in Google Scholar

Rose, A. K., & Spiegel, M. M. (2011). The Olympic effect. The Economic Journal, 121(553), 652–677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x
View in Google Scholar

SOLIDEO. (n.d.). Financing. Société de Livraison des Ouvrages Olympiques—SOLIDEO. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://www.ouvrages-olympiques.fr/en/missions/financing
View in Google Scholar

VanWynsberghe, R., Derom, I., & Pentifallo Gadd, C. (2021). Legacy and sustainability in the Olympic Movement’s new norm era: When reforms are not enough. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898442
View in Google Scholar

Wolfe, S. D. (2022). Building a better host city? Reforming and contesting the Olympics in Paris 2024. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221129409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221129409
View in Google Scholar

World Bank. (2022). GDP deflator. World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS
View in Google Scholar