Silver entrepreneurship: A golden opportunity for ageing society
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.1.1068Keywords:
aging population, silver economy, entrepreneurship, silver entrepreneurshipAbstract
This paper aims to discuss the notion of silver entrepre-neurship in the context of the silver economy. Policy-wise knowing who silver entrepreneurs are and what it takes to support them is an essential step to productively managing the ageing population and promoting an age-ready but age-friendly approach to creating a sustainable economy and society in the new demographic reality. The paper provides a theoretical and empirical literature review of silver entre-preneurship to identify the current state of the art. It also identifies selected policies and strategies aiming to foster silver entrepreneurship, representing a more inclusive and age-diverse entrepreneurial landscape. The silver entrepre-neurship proves to be a challenging research field due to the elusive nature of entrepreneurship itself and the lack of universal definitions for this phenomenon.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, N. H., Nasurdin, A. M., Halim, H.A., & Taghizadeh, S. K. (2014). The Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Initiatives at the "Silver" Age: From the Lens of Malaysian Silver Entrepreneurs. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.681
View in Google Scholar
Accius, J, & Suh, J. Y. (2019). The Longevity Economy® Outlook: How People Ages 50 and Older Are Fueling Economic Growth, Stimulating Jobs, and Creating Opportunities for All. Washington. DC: AARP Thought Leadership, https://doi.org/10.26419/int.00042.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/int.00042.001
View in Google Scholar
Aksoy, Y., Basso, H. S., Smith, R. P., & Grasl, T. (2019). Demographic structure and macroeconomic trends. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 11(1), 193-222. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170114
View in Google Scholar
Altman, S. H., & Shactman, D. I. (Eds.). (2002). Policies for an aging society. JHU Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801869075
View in Google Scholar
Bakewell, P. J. (1995). Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosí: The Life and Times of Antonio López de Quiroga. Austin TX: Southern Methodist University Press.
View in Google Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Finlay, J. E. (2010). Population aging and economic growth in Asia. In The economic consequences of demographic change in East Asia, University of Chicago Press, 61-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226386881.003.0003
View in Google Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Lubet, A. (2015). Global population aging: facts, challenges, solutions & perspectives. Daedalus, 144(2), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00332
View in Google Scholar
Birsyada, M. I., & Permana, S. A. (2020). The business ethics of Kotagede's silver entrepreneurs from the kingdom to the modern era. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 30(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20691
View in Google Scholar
Bohlmann, C., Rauch, A., & Zacher, H. (2017). A lifespan perspective on entrepreneurship: Perceived opportunities and skills explain the negative association between age and entrepreneurial activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 2015. https:/doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02015
View in Google Scholar
Barković Bojanić, I., & Erceg, A. (2017). Silver economy: demographic change and economic opportunity. In Conference Proceedings of 13th Interdisciplinary Management Research, Faculty of Economics Osijek and Hochschule Pforzheim University, 1005 – 1020.
View in Google Scholar
Botham, R. & Graves, A. (2009). The Grey Economy: How Third Age Entrepreneurs are Contributing to Growth. London: NESTA.
View in Google Scholar
Cannon, T. (2008). Silver entrepreneurship: new days, new ways. Working With Older People, 12(2), 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/13663666200800029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13663666200800029
View in Google Scholar
Clarke, J. S., & Holt, R. (2019). Images of entrepreneurship: Using drawing to explore entrepreneurial experience. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 11, e00129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00129
View in Google Scholar
Cornet, G. (2014). Europe's 'Silver Economy': A potential source for economic growth? Gerontechnology, 13(3), 319-321. https://doi.org/10.4017/GT.2015.13.3.001.00. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4017/gt.2015.13.3.001.00
View in Google Scholar
Cristea, M., Noja, G. G., Stefea, P., & Sala, A. L. (2020). The impact of population aging and public health support on EU labor markets. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(4), 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041439
View in Google Scholar
Diez, R. C. Á., Esparza, R. M. V., Bañuelos-García, V. H., Santillán, M. T. V., Félix, B. I. L., & Luna, V. A. (2022). Silver economy and entrepreneurship, an emerging innovative area: An academic, scientific and business framework for building new knowledge. Iberoamerican Journal of Science Measurement and Communication, 2(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.47909/ijsmc.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47909/ijsmc.45
View in Google Scholar
Erceg A. (2020) Franchising for Aging Society-View from two Standpoints. In Barković Bojanić, I., & Erceg, A. (eds) Aging Society: Rethinking and Redesigning Retirement, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, 205-221.
View in Google Scholar
Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. M. (2011). Entrepreneurship in transition economies: The role of institutions and generational Change. In M. Minniti (ed.), The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 181-208. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580866.003.0009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580866.003.0009
View in Google Scholar
European Commission (2015.) Growing the European Silver Economy – Background paper. http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/active-healthy-ageing/silvereco.pdf
View in Google Scholar
Eurostat (2023). Self-employment by sex, age and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2) - 1 000. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsq_esgan2__custom_8456564/default/table?lang=en
View in Google Scholar
Fachinger, U. (2019). Senior Entrepreneurship. Self-employment by Older People – an Uncharted Territory. International Review of Economics & Business, 22, Special Conference Issue, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0007
View in Google Scholar
Fachinger, U., & Frankus, A. (2017). Self-employed people and pension: is old age poverty the inevitable dark side of an entrepreneurial society? In Bonnet, J., Dejardin, M., & Garcia-Perez-De-Lema, D. (eds.) Exploring the Entrepreneurial Society, Edward Elgar Publishing, 245-256. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783472666.00029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783472666.00029
View in Google Scholar
Gerstorf, D., Hülür, G., Drewelies, J., Eibich, P., Duezel, S., Demuth, I., Ghisletta, P., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberg, U. (2015). Secular Changes in Late-life Cognition and Well-being: Towards a Long Bright Future with a Short Brisk Ending? http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.498497.de/diw_sp0738.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000016
View in Google Scholar
Gielnik, M. M., Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2012). Focus on opportunities as a mediator of the relationship between business owners' age and venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 127-142. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.05.002
View in Google Scholar
Gordon, R. (2016). The Rise and Fall of American Growth. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400873302
View in Google Scholar
Greco, F., Tregua, M., Carignani, F., & Bifulco, F. (2022). Silver entrepreneurship: a new trend in startups. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 40(3), 123-148. https://doi.org/10.7433/s119.2022.06
View in Google Scholar
Gusmano, M. K., & Okma, K. G. (2018). Population aging and the sustainability of the welfare state. Hastings Center Report, 48, 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.915
View in Google Scholar
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2023). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 – Adapting to a “New Normal”. https://www.gemconsortium.org/reports/latest-global-report
View in Google Scholar
Greco, F., Carignani F., Tregua, M., & Bifulco, F. (2023). Silver entrepreneurship: a new trend in startups. Silver Economy: challenges and opportunities for an aging world, 40 (3), 123-148. doi: 10.7433/s119.2022.06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7433/s119.2022.06
View in Google Scholar
Gross, E. (2016). The enterprising self and prejudices toward unemployed persons. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 45 (3), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2015-1010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2015-1010
View in Google Scholar
Harms, R., Luck, F., Kraus, S., & Walsh, S. (2014). On the motivational drivers of gray entrepreneurship: An exploratory study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.08.001
View in Google Scholar
Ilczuk D., Dopierała, Ł., & Bednarz, J. (2023). What are the real motivations and experiences of silver entrepreneurs? Empirical evidence from Poland. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 19 (3), 129-167. https://doi.org/10.7341/20231934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7341/20231934
View in Google Scholar
Ivanić, V. (2019). Active aging and prerequisites for silver entrepreneurship in Serbia. Stanovnistvo, 57(1), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.2298/STNV181215003I DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/STNV181215003I
View in Google Scholar
Kautonen, T. (2008). Understanding the Older Entrepreneur: Comparing Third Age and Prime Age Entrepreneurs in Finland. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 3(3), 3-13.
View in Google Scholar
Kautonen, T. (2013). Senior entrepreneurship, A background paper for the. Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development. University of Turku. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/senior_bp_final.pdf
View in Google Scholar
Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E. T., & Kibler, E. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions in the third age: The impact of perceived age norms. Small Business Economics, 37, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9238-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9238-y
View in Google Scholar
Katz, S. (2000). Busy bodies: Activity, aging, and the management of everyday life. Journal of aging studies, 14(2), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(00)80008-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(00)80008-0
View in Google Scholar
Kohlbacher, F., Herstatt, C., & Levsen, N. (2015). Golden opportunities for silver innovation: How demographic changes give rise to entrepreneurial opportunities to meet the needs of older people. Technovation, 39-40, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2014.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.05.002
View in Google Scholar
Körber Stiftung (2018). Aufbruch: Gründergeist und soziale Verantwortung, Ergebnisse einer forsa-Umfrage im Auftrag der Körber-Stiftung zum gesellschaftlichen Potenzial der 50- bis 75-Jährigen. https://koerber-stiftung.de/site/assets/files/22391/2018_aufbruch_gruendergeist_und_soziale_verantwortung.pdf
View in Google Scholar
Lallo, C. & Raitano, M. (2018). Life expectancy inequalities in the elderly by socioeconomic status: evidence from Italy. Population Health Metrics, 16 (7), 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-018-0163-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-018-0163-7
View in Google Scholar
Lange, G.S., & Johnston, W.J. (2020). The value of business accelerators and incubators–an entrepreneur's perspective. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(109, 1563-1572. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2019-0024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2019-0024
View in Google Scholar
Lassen, A., & Moreira, T. (2014). Unmaking old age: Political and cognitive formats of active ageing. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.03.004
View in Google Scholar
Lassen, A. & Vrangbæk, K. (2021). Retirement transitions in the 21st century: A scoping review of the changing nature of retirement in Europe. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 15(1), 39-72. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1501
View in Google Scholar
Lawal, S., & Adeniran, D.A. (2022). Assessment of entrepreneurial challenges on opportunity identification of second career entrepreneurs in north-western Nigeria. GPH-International Journal of Business Management. 5 (5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6770909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24940/theijbm/2022/v10/i3/BM2203-013
View in Google Scholar
Leśna-Wierszołowicz, E. (2018). Silver economy as a response to demographic changes. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, (529), 162-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2018.529.14
View in Google Scholar
Linardi, M.A., & Costa, J. (2022). Appraising the role of age among senior entrepreneurial intentions. European analysis based on HDI. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14 (6), 953-975. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-12-2020-0435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-12-2020-0435
View in Google Scholar
Maâlaoui, A. (Ed.). (2019). Handbook of research on elderly entrepreneurship. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13334-4
View in Google Scholar
Maestas, N., Mullen, K. J., & Powell, D. (2016). The effect of population aging on economic growth, the labor force and productivity (No. w22452). National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/WR1063-1
View in Google Scholar
Malek, B., Adnane, M., & Imen, S. (2011). Entrepreneurial intention among seniors: An application to French entrepreneurs. In Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Conference of the International Council for Small Business, USA: Washington. 1-17.
View in Google Scholar
Maritz A. (2019). Senior entrepreneurship perspectives in Australia. In Backman, M., Karlsson, C., & Kekezi, C. (eds.), Handbook of research on entrepreneurship and aging, Edward Elgar Publishing, 352–369. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116213.00023
View in Google Scholar
Maritz A., & Eager B. (2017). Senior entrepreneurship themes: An Australian perspective. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 9(4), 206–221.
View in Google Scholar
Martin, L., & Omrani, N. (2019). Understanding Senior Entrepreneur Behavior. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 27(3), 259-282. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495819500109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495819500109
View in Google Scholar
Matricano, D. (2018). Grey vs. Young Entrepreneurs: Are They Really That Different in Terms of Entrepreneurial Intentions? Empirical Evidence from Italy. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(2), 1-76. https:doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p76
View in Google Scholar
McGuirk, H., Conway Lenihan, A., & Lenihan, N. (2022). Awareness and potential of the silver economy for enterprises: a European regional level study. Small Enterprise Research, 29(1), 6-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1919915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1919915
View in Google Scholar
Mikić, M., Horvatinović, T., & Morić Milovanović, B. (2021). Challenges in the development of senior entrepreneurship. In Barković Bojanić, I., & Erceg, A. (eds), Economics and Aging: Emerging Issues. J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, 67-83.
View in Google Scholar
Minarcine, S., & Shaw, C. (2016). Motivations for entrepreneurship. International Journal of the Academic Business World, 10(2), 47–56.
View in Google Scholar
Nasurdin, A. M., Halim, H.A., & Seet, P-.S. (2012). Silver Entrepreneurship Agenda in Malaysia: A Proposed Model for Productive Aging. The Winners, 13(1), 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v13i1.662
View in Google Scholar
OECD & European Commission (2021), The Missing Entrepreneurs 2021: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/71b7a9bb-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/71b7a9bb-en
View in Google Scholar
Patel, S. (2015). Success Can Come at Any Age. Just Look at These 6 Successful Entrepreneurs. https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/success-can-come-at-any-age-just-look-at-these-6/241346
View in Google Scholar
Perić, J. (2020). Social entrepreneurship as a mean to boost silver economy growth. In Barković Bojanić, I. & Erceg, A. (eds.) Aging society - Rethinking and Redesigning Retirement, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek - Faculty of Economics in Osijek, 221-232.
View in Google Scholar
Pilkova, A., Rehak, J., & Jancovicova, Z. (2016). Senior entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern European countries: GEM evidences. 4th International Conference Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Corporate Sustainability, 571–582. https://doi.org/10.18267/pr.2016.svo.2153.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/pr.2016.svo.2153.4
View in Google Scholar
Prettner, K. (2013). Population aging and endogenous economic growth. Journal of population economics, 26, 811-834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-012-0441-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-012-0441-9
View in Google Scholar
Ruiu, G., & Breschi, M. (2019). The effect of aging on the innovative behavior of entrepreneurs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 10(4), 1784-1807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00612-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00612-5
View in Google Scholar
Roxburgh, C. (2019). The Rise of the Silver Entrepreneur. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rise-silver-entrepreneur-chris-roxburgh-digital-marketing-expert/
View in Google Scholar
Schröder, E., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Arnaud, N. (2011). Career choice intentions of adolescents with a family business background. Family Business Review, 24(4), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511416977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511416977
View in Google Scholar
Singh, G., & DeNoble, A. (2003). Early retirees as the next generation of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(3), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.T01-1-00001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00001
View in Google Scholar
Stirzaker, R., & Galloway, L. (2017). Ageing and redundancy and the silver lining of entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(2), 105-114. http://doi.org/10.1177/1465750317706441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750317706441
View in Google Scholar
Stirzaker, R., Galloway, L., & Potter, L. (2019). Business, aging, and socioemotional selectivity: A qualitative study of gray entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(S2), 616–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12516
View in Google Scholar
Stjernberg, M., Sigurjónsdóttir, H. R., & Wøien Meijer, M. (2021). Unlocking the potential of silver economy in the Nordic Region. Stockholm: Nordregio. http://doi.org/10.6027/R2021:7.1403-2503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6027/R2021:7.1403-2503
View in Google Scholar
Stumbitz, B. (2013). Social Entrepreneurship Shaped by the Life Course: A Case Study of Older Social Entrepreneurs in the UK. A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements of Middlesex University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, UK: Middlesex University.
View in Google Scholar
Stypinska J., Franke A., & Myrczik J. (2019). Senior Entrepreneurship: The Unrevealed Driver for Social Innovation. Frontiers in Sociology, 4(30), 1-16. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00030
View in Google Scholar
Technopolis & Oxford Economics (2018). The Silver Economy https://www.generacionsavia.org/think-tank/reports/silver-economy-study-en-comision-europea-technopolis-y-oxford-economics-fc8d
View in Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3. https://desapublications.un.org/file/989/download
View in Google Scholar
Viljamaa, A., Joensuu-Salo, S., & Kangas, E. (2021). Part-time entrepreneurship in the third age: well-being and motives. Small Enterprise Research, 29 (1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.2000483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.2000483
View in Google Scholar
Wahrendorf, M. Akinwale, B., Landy, R., Matthews, K., & Blane, D. (2017). Who in Europe Works beyond the State Pension Age and under which Conditions? Results from SHARE. Journal of Population Ageing, 10 (3), 269-285. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-016-9160-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-016-9160-4
View in Google Scholar
Walker, E. A., & Webster, B. J. (2007). Gender, age and self-employment: Some things change, some stay the same. Women in Management Review, 22(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420710732088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420710732088
View in Google Scholar
Weber, P., & Schaper, M. (2004). Understanding the Grey Entrepreneur. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(2), 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495804000087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495804000087
View in Google Scholar
Whzan (N/A). Innovative Virtual Ward Solutions. https://www.whzan.uk
View in Google Scholar
Vogel, E., Ludwig, A., & Börsch-Supan, A. (2017). Aging and pension reform: extending the retirement age and human capital formation. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 16(1), 81-107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747215000086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747215000086
View in Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2016), The Silver Economy: How 21st-Century Longevity Can Create Markets, Jobs and Drive Economic Growth, Based on the World Economic Forum White Paper. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/IP/2016/HE/B20_WEF_GACAgeing_23%20March.pdf
View in Google Scholar
Yang, Q. Z., Miao, C. Y., & Shen, Z. Q. (2015). Digital services innovation for aging-in-place. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2015.7385711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2015.7385711
View in Google Scholar
Zsarnoczky, M. (2018). The New Hope for the EU – Silver Economy. https://www.regionalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Martin_Zsarnoczky_-_The_New_Hope_for_the_EU_eng.pdf
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ivana Barković Bojanić, Aleksandar Erceg, Jovanka Damoska Sekuloska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.