Role of subjective norms in shaping entrepreneurial intentions among students

Authors

  • Karolina Nessel Institute of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-7391
  • Szczepan Kościółek Institute of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-4216
  • Anna Leśniak Institute of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7743-5434

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.4.1543

Keywords:

entrepreneurial intention, SEM, subjective norms, theory of planned behavior, Polish students

Abstract

In view of the inconsistency in prior research, the main goal of this analysis is to determine the influence of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intentions among Polish students. The secondary goal is to examine how these subjective norms are affected by entrepreneurial experiences among individuals close to students, the students’ self-employment history and work experiences, and their gender. Based on the framework of the theory of planned behaviour and data generated through surveys of students in a management programme (N = 255), structural equation modelling is applied. The results indicate that subjective norms indirectly influence students’ entrepreneurial intentions (through attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control). Regarding the antecedents of subjective norms, students’ prior entrepreneurial experience and work history are not significant, nor is gender. 

JEL Classification

Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making (D91)
Entrepreneurship (L26)
New Firms • Startups (M13)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
View in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 438–459). SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n22
View in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
View in Google Scholar

Al-Jubari, I., Hassan, A., & Liñán, F. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention among University students in Malaysia: integrating self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1323–1342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0529-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0529-0
View in Google Scholar

Amofah, K., Dziwornu, M. G., Rachwał, T., Saladrigues, R., & Agyarko, F. F. (2024). Environmental support and entrepreneurial intentions : Exploring the mediating role of attitude and behavioural control and moderating effect of family background. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 12(1), 195–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2023.120111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2024.120111
View in Google Scholar

Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Brío-González, J. del. (2022). The entrepreneurial intention of university students: An environmental perspective. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100184
View in Google Scholar

Barbera, F. La, & Ajzen, I. (2020). Control Interactions in the Theory of Planned Behavior: Rethinking the Role of Subjective Norm. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056
View in Google Scholar

Batista-Canino, R. M., Santana-Hernández, L., & Medina-Brito, P. (2024). A holistic literature review on entrepreneurial Intention: A scientometric approach. Journal of Business Research, 174(January), 114480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114480
View in Google Scholar

Bednarczyk, M. (2016). Istota przedsiębiorczości w sporcie : panel praktyków. In M. Bednarczyk & K. Nessel (Eds.), Przedsiębiorczość w sporcie: teoria i praktyka (pp. 19–30). CeDeWu.
View in Google Scholar

Che Nawi, N., Mamun, A. Al, Hassan, A. A., Wan Ibrahim, W. S. A. A., Mohamed, A. F., & Permarupan, P. Y. (2022). Agro-Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students: a study under the premises of Theory of Planned Behavior. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211069144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211069144
View in Google Scholar

Engle, R. L., Schlaegel, C., & Dimitriadi, N. (2011). Institutions and entrepreneurial intent: A cross-country study. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16(02), 227–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946711001811
View in Google Scholar

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory andresearch.
View in Google Scholar

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
View in Google Scholar

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
View in Google Scholar

Gaweł, A., & Pietrzykowski, M. (2019). Kapitał społeczny w kształtowaniu antecedencji intencji przedsiębiorczych. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia, 7(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18559/SOEP.2019.1.6
View in Google Scholar

GEM. (2024). GEM 2023 / 2024 Global Report 25 Years and Growing. 1–224.
View in Google Scholar

González-Serrano, M. H., Valantine, I., Hervás, J. C., Pérez-Campos, C., & Moreno, F. C. (2018). Sports university education and entrepreneurial intentions: A comparison between Spain and Lithuania. Education and Training, 60(5), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2017-0205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2017-0205
View in Google Scholar

Gurel, E., & Daniele, R. (2010). Tourism students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 646–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.003
View in Google Scholar

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Global edition. Pearson Higher Education Upper Saddle River, NJ.
View in Google Scholar

Heuer, A., & Liñán, F. (2013). Testing alternative measures of subjective norms in entrepreneurial intention models. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.054310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.054310
View in Google Scholar

Hueso, J. A., Ja, I., & Liñán, F. (2021). From personal values to entrepreneurial intention: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(1), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2020-0383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2020-0383
View in Google Scholar

Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education & Training, 53(5), 353–370. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686
View in Google Scholar

Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., Velasco, A. P., & Kokash, H. (2016). Impact of entrepreneurship programmes on university students. Education and Training, 58(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2015-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2015-0004
View in Google Scholar

Jones, P., Jones, A., Packham, G., & Miller, C. (2008). Student attitudes towards enterprise education in Poland: a positive impact. Education + Training, 50(7), 597–614. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910810909054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910810909054
View in Google Scholar

Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J. A., Naderi Mahdei, K., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2017). Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country. International Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12209
View in Google Scholar

Kline, T. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483385693
View in Google Scholar

Kobylińska, U. (2022). Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control versus contextual factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of students from Poland. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 19, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.10
View in Google Scholar

Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. In Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice (Vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 47–57). http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5002278812%5Cnhttp://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=520195f2-f364-4fe8-afa6-c2e9016bfa2c@sessionmgr111&vid=5&hid=118
View in Google Scholar

Kraśnicka, T., Głód, G., Ludvik, L., & Peterkova, J. (2014). Uwarunkowania intencji przedsiębiorczych studentów uczelni ekonomicznych Polski i Czech. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja, 10, 316–332.
View in Google Scholar

Krueger, N. F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101
View in Google Scholar

Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
View in Google Scholar

Lerner, D. A., Hunt, R. A., & Dimov, D. (2018). Action! Moving beyond the intendedly-rational logics of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.10.002
View in Google Scholar

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
View in Google Scholar

Liñán, F., & Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8
View in Google Scholar

Lingappa, A. K., Shah, A., & Mathew, A. O. (2020). Academic, Family, and Peer Influence on Entrepreneurial Intention of Engineering Students. SAGE Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020933877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020933877
View in Google Scholar

Maresch, D., Harms, R., Kailer, N., & Wimmer-Wurm, B. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006
View in Google Scholar

Mirjana, P. B., Ana, A., & Marjana, M. S. (2018). Examining determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in Slovenia: applying the theory of planned behaviour and an innovative cognitive style. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 31(1), 1453–1471. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1478321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1478321
View in Google Scholar

Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A Cross-Cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
View in Google Scholar

Neumann Von, O., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behaviour. Wiley.
View in Google Scholar

Nowiński, W., & Haddoud, M. Y. (2019). The role of inspiring role models in enhancing entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 96(October 2018), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.005
View in Google Scholar

Pawlak, A. (2016). Determinanty intencji przedsiębiorczych potencjalnych sukcesorów firm rodzinnych. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 17(6.3), 93–104.
View in Google Scholar

Portyanko, S., Reinmoeller, P., Hussels, S., & Turner, N. (2023). Peer effects and intentional entrepreneurial behaviour: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(3), 515–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12320
View in Google Scholar

Rachwał, T., & Wach, K. (2016). Badanie intencji przedsiębiorczych młodego pokolenia : wyniki ankietyzacji wśród studentów kierunków nieekonomicznych. Przedsiębiorczość-Edukacja, 12, 405–415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24917/3171
View in Google Scholar

Rantanen, T., Pawlak, A., & Toikko, T. (2015). Entrepreneurial intention among University students in Malaysia integrating selfdetermination theory and the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030104
View in Google Scholar

Solesvik, M. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major. Education + Training, 55(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400911311309314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911311309314
View in Google Scholar

Tingting, G., Jiangfeng, Y., & Yinghua, Y. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of college students’ entrepreneurial intention from 2000 to 2020: Research trends and hotspots. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865629
View in Google Scholar

Tomal, M., & Szromnik, A. (2021). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in Selected Post-Communist Countries in Europe: Investigating Cross-Cultural Differences. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.15546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.15546
View in Google Scholar

Tomski, P. (2014). Rodzinna osnowa intencji przedsiębiorczych. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 15(7, cz. 3 Firmy Rodzinne-współczesne nurty badań i praktyki zarządzania), 319–334.
View in Google Scholar

Tsou, E., Steel, P., & Osiyevskyy, O. (2023). The relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503231214389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503231214389
View in Google Scholar

Wach, K. (2015). Środowisko biznesu rodzinnego jako stymulanta intencji przedsiębiorczych młodzieży akademickiej. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 16(7.3), 25–40.
View in Google Scholar

Wach, K., & Bilan, S. (2023). Creativity of Students in Favour of Their Entrepreneurial Intentions: Empirical Evidence From Poland. Creativity Studies, 16(1), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.15028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.15028
View in Google Scholar

Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008). The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752–774. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843
View in Google Scholar

Zapkau, F. B., Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. (2017). The Role of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure in the Entrepreneurial Process: A Review and Future Research Implications. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 56–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12232
View in Google Scholar

Zhang, P., Wang, D. D., & Owen, C. L. (2015). A study of entrepreneurial intention of university students. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0004
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2024-11-22

Issue

Section

Research article- regular issue

How to Cite

Nessel, K., Kościółek, S., & Leśniak, A. (2024). Role of subjective norms in shaping entrepreneurial intentions among students. Economics and Business Review, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.4.1543

Similar Articles

101-110 of 132

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.