Entrepreneurship as an Occupational Choice

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18559/ref.2022.1.2

Keywords:

entrepreneurship, occupational choice, proper entrepreneurs, quasi-entrepreneurs, Poland

Abstract

This article aims to consider the entrepreneurship as an occupational choice and to understand the flow among different forms of occupations. The choice of the form of professional activity depends on the perception of attractiveness of both forms,  people who perceive entrepreneurial profits as more beneficial than workers’ wages more likely decide to become entrepreneurs than waged employees. However, in the presented paper, the choice is considered not only between entrepreneurship and employment but also concerns the scale of entrepreneurship. The issue of entrepreneurship as an occupational choice is presented empirically using the time series data for Poland on a quarterly basis in the years 2003-2018. The influence of the overall economic situation, which determines business opportunities and average salaries, on the choice between a proper entrepreneur, a quasi-entrepreneur and a hired worker is presented with the use of regression analysis. The results show that changes in the overall economic situation and in the level of average wages lead to flows between proper entrepreneurs and quasi-entrepreneurs, and thus, to changes in the employment structure. Improving market conditions encourage people to follow the path of proper entrepreneurship or to become hired workers, while abandoning quasi-entrepreneurship. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andersson Joona, P., Wadensjo, E. (2013), The best and the brightest or the least successful? Self-employment entry among male wage-earners in Sweden, Small Business Economics, vol. 40, 155–172, DOI 10.1007/s11187-011-9365-0.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9365-0

Angulo-Guerrero, M.J., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Abad-Guerrero, I.A. (2017). How economic freedom affects opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship in the OECD countries. Journal of Business Research. 73, 30–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.017
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.017

Banerjee, A.V., Newman, A.F. (1993), Occupational Choice and the Process of Development, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 101(2), 274 – 298.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261876

Bender, K.A, Roche, K. (2016), Self-employment and the paradox of the contented female worker, Small Business Economics, vol. 47, 421–435, doi: 10.1007/s11187-016-9731-z.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9731-z

Bennett, J., Rablen, M.D. (2015), Self-employment, wage employment, and informality in a developing economy, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 67(2), 227–244, doi: 10.1093/oep/gpu047.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpu047

Blumberg, B.F., Letteries, W.A. (2008), Business Starters and Credit Rationing, Small Business Economics, vol. 30, 187-200.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9030-1

Bradley, J. (2016), Self-employment in an equilibrium model of the labor market, IZA Journal of Labor Economics, vol 5(6), DOI 10.1186/s40172-016-0046-8
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-016-0046-8

Brown, S., Farrell, L., Harris, M.N. (2011), Modeling The Incidence of Self-Employment: Individual and Employment Type Heterogeneity, Contemporary Economic Policy, vol. 29(4), 605–619, Doi:10.1111/J.1465-7287.2010.00232.X.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2010.00232.x

Caceres, L.R., Caceres, S.A. (2017), Self-Employment In Latin America, The Journal of Developing Areas, vol. 51(3), 33-49.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0059

Crum, M., Chen, Y. (2015), Self-Employment and Subjective Well-Being: A Multi-Country Analysis, International Journal of Entrepreneurship, vol. 19, 15-28.
View in Google Scholar

Dawson,Ch., Henley, A., Latreille, P. (2014), Individual Motives for Choosing Self-employment in the UK: Does Region Matter?, Regional Studies, Vol. 48(5), 804–822, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.697140.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.697140

Dhahri, S., Slimani, S., Omri, A. (2021). Behavioral entrepreneurship for achieving the sustainable development goals. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 165, 120561. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120561
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120561

Dileo, I., García Pereiro, T. (2019). Assessing the impact of individual and context factors on the entrepreneurial process. A cross-country multilevel approach. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15, 1393-1441. DOI: 10.1007/s11365-018-0528-1
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0528-1

Dominiak, P., Rekowski M. (2009) The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Review of Recent Research Achievements. In: Galindo MA., Guzman J., Ribeiro D. (red.) Entrepreneurship and Business. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70902-2_7
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70902-2_7

Douhan R., Eliasson G., Henrekson M. (2007), Isreal M. Kirzner: An Oustanding Austrian Contributor to the Economics of Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, vol. 29, 213-223.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9041-y

Emmett R.B. (1999), The Economist and the Entrepreneur: Modernist Impulses in Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit, History of Political Economy, vol. 31 (1), 29 – 52.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-31-1-29

Feinberg, R.M. (1978), On the Empirical Importance of the Job Search Theory, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 45(2), 508-521.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1057680

Fitzpatrick, D. (2017), Self-employment Dynamics in Australia and the Importance of State Dependence, Economic Record, vol. 93, 144–170.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12337

Freytag A., Thurik R. (2007), Entrepreneurship and its determinants In a cross-country setting, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 17, 117-131.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-006-0044-2

Fritsch, M., Kritikos, A.S., Sorgner, A. (2015), Why did self-employment increase so strongly in Germany?, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, vol. 27(5–6), 307–333, doi: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310

Gelderen van, M., Thurik, R., Bosma, N. (2006), Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase, Small Business Economics, vol. 26, 319-335.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-004-6837-5

Georgellis, Y., Yusuf, A. (2016), Is Becoming Self-Employed a Panacea for Job Satisfaction? Longitudinal Evidence from Work to Self-Employment Transitions, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 54(S1), 53–76, doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12292.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12292

Gregoire D.A., Barr P.S., Shepherd D.A. (2010), Cognitive Processes of Opportunity Recognition: The Role of Structural Alignment, Organization Science, vol. 21(2), 413-431.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0462

Grilo I., Thurik R. (2008), Determinants of entrepreneurial engagement levels in Europe and the US, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 17(6), 1113-1145.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtn044

Hanglberger, D., Merz, J. (2015), Does self-employment really raise job satisfaction? Adaptation and anticipation effects on self-employment and general job changes, Journal of Labour Market Research, vol. 48, 287–303, doi: 10.1007/s12651-015-0175-8.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12651-015-0175-8

Hansen D.J., Shrader R., Monllor J. (2011), Defragmenting Definitions of Entrepreneurial Opportunity, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49(2), 283-304
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00325.x

Hopp, Ch., Martin, J. (2017). Does entrepreneurship pay for women and immigrants? A 30 year assessment of the socio-economic impact of entrepreneurial activity in Germany. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 29(5–6), 517–543. DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224

Hyytinen, A., Vaananen, L. (2006), Where Do Financial Constraints Originate from? An Empirical Analysis of Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in Capital Markets, Small Business Economics, vol. 27, 323-348.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-0610-2

Kihlstrom, R.E., Laffont, J. – J. (1979), A General Equilibrium Entrepreneurial Theory of Firm Formation Based on Risk Aversion, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 87(4), 719 – 748.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/260790

Kirzner I.M. (1997), Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. XXXV, 60 – 85.
View in Google Scholar

Krasniqi, B.A. (2014), Characteristics of Self-Employment: A Refuge From Unemployment or Road To Entrepreneurship, Small Enterprise Research, vol. 21(1), 33–53.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2014.11082075

Lechman, E., Dominiak, P. (2015). Entrepreneurship and Business Cycles. New Conceptual Approach. SSRN. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2618229
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2618229

McClough, D., Hoag, J., Benedict, M.E. (2014), What Matters, And How: Does Procedural Utility Explain Self-employment?, Academy Of Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 20(2), 103-120.
View in Google Scholar

Millan, J.M., Congregado, E., Roman, C. (2012), Determinants of self-employment survival in Europe, Small Business Economics, vol. 38, 231–258, DOI 10.1007/s11187-010-9260-0.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9260-0

Modrego, F., Mccann, Ph., Foster, W.E., M. Rose Olfert, M.R. (2017), Location And Entrepreneurship: Insights From A Spatially-Explicit Occupational Choice Model With An Application To Chile, Journal of Regional Science, vol. 57(4), 669–697, DOI: 10.1111/Jors.12323.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12323

Moulton, J.G., Scott, J.C. (2016), Opportunity or Necessity? Disaggregating Self-Employment and Entry at Older Ages, Social Forces, vol. 94(4), 1539–1566, doi: 10.1093/sf/sow026.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow026

Nikolaev, B.N., Boudreaux, C.J., Palich, L. (2018). Cross-Country Determinants of Early-Stage Necessity and Opportunity-Motivated Entrepreneurship: Accounting for Model Uncertainty. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(S1), 243–280. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12400
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12400

Pardo, C., Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2017), The dynamic role of specific experience in the selection of self-employment versus wage-employment, Oxford Economic Papers, 69(1), 2017, 189–212, doi: 10.1093/oep/gpw047.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpw047

Paulson, A.L., Townsend, P.M., Karaivanov, A. (2006), Distinguishing Limited Liability from Moral Hazard in a Model of Entrepreneurship, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 114, 100-144.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/498917

Reissova, A., Šimsova, J., Sonntag, R., Kučerova, K. (2020). The Influence of Personal Characteristics on Entrepreneurial Intentions: International Comparison. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(4), 29-46. DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2020.080402
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2020.080402

Reynolds, P.D. (2011), Informal and Early Formal Financial Support in the Business Creation Process: Exploration with PSED II Data Set, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49(1), 27-54.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00313.x

Rupasingha, A., Goetz, S.J. (2013), Self-employment and local economic performance: Evidence from US counties, Papers in Regional Science, vol. 92(1), 141-162, doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00396.x.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00396.x

Schumpeter J. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle.
View in Google Scholar

Seghers, A., Manigart, S., Uanacker, T. (2012), The Impact of Human and Social Capital on Entrepreneurs’ Knowledge of Finance Alternatives, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 50(1), 63-86.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00344.x

Simoes, N., Crespo, N., Moreira, S.B. (2016), Individual Determinants of Self-Employment Entry: What Do We Really Know?, Journal of Economic Surveys (2016) Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 783–806, doi: 10.1111/joes.12111.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12111

Smith, A. (2015), Badania nad naturą i przyczynami bogactwa narodów, (polskie wyd. 2015, wyd. pierwsze 1776).
View in Google Scholar

Startienė, G., Remeikienė, R., Dumčiuvienė, D. (2010), Concept of Self-Employment, Economics and Management, vol. 15, 262-274.
View in Google Scholar

Szarucki, M., Brzozowski, J., Stankevičienė, J. (2016), Determinants of Self-Employment Among Polish and Romanian Immigrants in Germany, Journal of Business Economics and Management, Vol. 17(4), 598–612, doi:10.3846/16111699.2016.1202313.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2016.1202313

Szerb, L., Lafuente, E., Horváth, K., Páger, B. (2019). The relevance of quantity and quality entrepreneurship for regional performance: the moderating role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. REGIONAL STUDIES, 53(9), 1308–1320. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2018.1510481
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1510481

Yang, C., Bossink, B., Peverelli, P. (2017). High-tech start-up firm survival originating from a combined use of internal resources, Small Business Economics, 49:799–824, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-017-9858-6.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9858-6

Zapkau, F.B., Schwens, Ch., Kabst, R. (2017). The Role of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure in the Entrepreneurial Process: A Review and Future Research Implications. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 56–86. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12232
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12232

Zaretsky, A.M., Coughlin, C.C. (1995), An Introduction to the Theory and Estimation of a Job-Search Model, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, vol. 77(1), 53-65.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.77.53-65

Downloads

Published

2022-06-24

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Gaweł , A. (2022). Entrepreneurship as an Occupational Choice. Research Papers in Economics and Finance, 6(1), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.18559/ref.2022.1.2

Similar Articles

41-50 of 73

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.