Proposal for a comprehensive retirement insurance solution (CRIS) to mitigate retirement risk based on theory of change

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.2.1008

Keywords:

modular insurance, life insurance, tontine, long-term care insurance, public-private partnership

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to propose a new comprehensive retirement insurance solution (CRIS) that, by offering appropriate modules, can be flexibly adapted to customers’ needs during the accumulation of funds and entitlements and during retirement. Technically, the product is life-insurance-based and includes insurance for sickness and incapacity, long-term care (LTC), work activation expenses, hospital stays, and tontine and Luxembourg policies. Due to consumers’ changing expectations and needs, the technical dimension of this solution is based on a three-layer insurance product in which individual parts of the protection are supplemented by several additional benefits (types of assistance) that improve the quality of life of insurance participants and allow the ongoing use of the product. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Amaglobeli, M. D., Chai, H., Dabla-Norris, M. E., Dybczak, M. K., Soto, M., & Tieman, F. (2019). The future of saving: The role of pension system design in an aging world. International Monetary Fund.
View in Google Scholar

2. Antolin, P., Schich, S., & Yermo, J. (2011). The economic impact of protracted low interest rates on pension funds and insurance companies. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, 1, 237–256. https://doi.org/10.1787/fmt-2011-5kg55qw0m56l
View in Google Scholar

3. Antolin, P., & Stewart, F. (2009). Private pensions and policy responses to the financial and economic crisis. OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, 36. https://doi.org/10.1787/224386871887
View in Google Scholar

4. Ayuso, M., Bravo, J. M., Holzmann, R., & Palmer, E. (2021). Automatic indexation of the pension age to life expectancy: When policy design matters. Risks, 9(5), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9050096
View in Google Scholar

5. Beer, C., & Gnan, E. 2015. Implications of ultra-low interest rates for financial institutions’ asset liability management—a policy-oriented overview. Monetary Policy and the Economy, 2(Q2), 15–53.
View in Google Scholar

6. Benish, A., Haber, H., & Eliahou, R. (2016). The regulatory welfare state in pension markets: Mitigating high charges for low-income savers in the United Kingdom and Israel. Journal of Social Policy, 46(2), 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000593
View in Google Scholar

7. Bernard, C., Cui, Z., & Vanduffel, S. (2016). Impact of flexible periodic premiums on variable annuity guarantees. North American Actuarial Journal, 21(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2016.1209119
View in Google Scholar

8. Bickerdyke, I., Dolamore, R., Monday, I., & Preston, R. (2002). Supplier induced demand for medical services. Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper, Canberra.
View in Google Scholar

9. Bielawska, K., & Kozłowski, A. (2024). A proposal for retirement risk measurement based on subjective assessment of income: An empirical study. Social Indicators Research, 172, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03295-3
View in Google Scholar

10. Bielawska, K., & Łyskawa, K. (2019). Wykorzystanie produktów ubezpieczeniowych i inwestycyjnych przez obecnych emerytów – wyniki badań. In I. Kwiecień & P. Kowalczyk-Rólczyńska (Eds.), Ubezpieczenia: wyzwania rynku (pp. 11–24). C.H. Beck.
View in Google Scholar

13. Böheim, R., & Leoni, T. (2017). Sickness and disability policies: Reform paths in OECD countries between 1990 and 2014. International Journal of Social Welfare, 27(2), 168–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12295
View in Google Scholar

14. Brest, P. (2010). The power of theories of change: Stanford social innovation review. Springer.
View in Google Scholar

16. Brown, J. R., Kapteyn, A., Luttmer, E. F. P., & Mitchell, O. S. (2017). Cognitive constraints on valuing annuities. Journal of the European Economic Association, 15(2), 429–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw009
View in Google Scholar

17. Brown, J. R., Mitchell, O. S., Poterba, J. M., & Warshawsky, M. J. (2001). The role of annuity markets in financing retirement. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6007.001.0001
View in Google Scholar

18. Burns, L. R., & Pauly, M. V. (2018). Transformation of the health care industry: Curb your enthusiasm? The Milbank Quarterly, 96(1), 57–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12312
View in Google Scholar

19. Butler, M. (2016). Insights from Switzerland’s pension system. In O. S. Mitchell & R.
View in Google Scholar

20. C. Shea (Eds.), Reimagining pensions: The next 40 years (pp. 247–273). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755449.003.0013
View in Google Scholar

21. Carlson, R. C. (2016). The new rules of retirement: Strategies for a secure future. John Wiley & Sons.
View in Google Scholar

22. Chen, A., & Rach, M. (2022). A note on financial fairness in tontines with mixed cohorts. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4009770
View in Google Scholar

23. Chen, L., & Xu, X. (2020). Effect evaluation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) system on the health care of the elderly: A review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 863–875. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s270454
View in Google Scholar

24. Cohen, M., Feder, J., & Favreault, M. (2018). A new public-private partnership: Catastrophic public and front-end private LTC insurance. Urban Institute and LTSS Center @uMass Boston. https://www.umb.edu/media/umassboston/contentassets/gerontologyinstitute/Public-Catastrophic-Insurance-Paper-for-Bipartisan-Policy-Center-1-25-2018.pdf
View in Google Scholar

26. Connolly, M. R., & Seymour, E. (2015). Why theories of change matter. WCER Working Paper, 2015-2. https://wcer.wisc.edu/docs/working-papers/Working_Paper_No_2015_02.pdf
View in Google Scholar

27. Cowdell, F. (2010). The care of older people with dementia in acute hospitals. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3743.2010.00208.x
View in Google Scholar

28. Crawford, R., & O’Dea, C. (2020). Household portfolios and financial preparedness for retirement. Quantitative Economics, 11(2), 637–670. https://doi.org/10.3982/qe725
View in Google Scholar

29. Denuit, M., Lucas, N., & Pitacco, E. (2019). Pricing and reserving in LTC insurance. In E. Dupourqué, F. Planchet, & N. Sator (Eds.), Actuarial aspects of long term care (pp. 129–158). Springer.
View in Google Scholar

32. Dhillon, L., & Vaca, S. (2018). Refining theories of change. Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation, 14(30), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v14i30.496
View in Google Scholar

33. Dörbecker, R., & Böhmann, T. (2013). The concept and effects of service modularity—a literature review. 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2013.22
View in Google Scholar

34. Dror, D. M., & Preker, A. S. (Eds.). 2002. Social reinsurance: A new approach to sustainable community health financing. World Bank Publications.
View in Google Scholar

35. Fávaro-Moreira, N. C., Krausch-Hofmann, S., Matthys, C., Vereecken, C., Vanhauwaert, E., Declercq, A., Bekkering, G. E., & Duyck, J. (2016). Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults: A systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data. Advances in Nutrition, 7(3), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011254
View in Google Scholar

36. Felfernig, A., Isak, K., Kreutler, G., Kruggel, T., & Teppan, E. (2006). Knowledge representations for the interactive selling of financial services. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 5(2), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-006-0042-9
View in Google Scholar

38. Gatzert, N., Huber, C., & Schmeiser, H. (2011). On the valuation of investment guarantees in unit-linked life insurance: A customer perspective. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice, 36(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2010.35
View in Google Scholar

39. Gelder, S., & Johnson, D. (1997). Long-term care insurance: A market update. Health Insurance Association of America.
View in Google Scholar

40. Greenwood, R. M., & Vissing-Jorgensen, A. (2018). The impact of pensions and insurance on global yield curves. Harvard Business School Finance Working Paper, 18–109. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3196068
View in Google Scholar

41. Gupta, A. (2012). Unit Linked Insurance Products (ULIPs)—insurance or investment? Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.276
View in Google Scholar

42. Hagemejer, K. (2018). The adequacy of reformed pension systems. Social Insurance. Theory and Practice, 136(1), 21–47.
View in Google Scholar

44. Hieber, P., & Lucas, N. (2022). Modern life-care tontines. ASTIN Bulletin, 52(2), 563– 589. https://doi.org/10.1017/asb.2022.6
View in Google Scholar

45. Huebner, S. S., & Black, K. (1982). Life insurance (10th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
View in Google Scholar

46. Hurwitz, A., & Mitchell, O. (2022). Financial regret at older ages and longevity awareness. NBER Working Paper, 30696. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30696
View in Google Scholar

47. James, E., & Vittas, D. (2000). Annuity markets in comparative perspective: Do consumers get their money’s worth? Policy Research Working Papers 2493. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2493
View in Google Scholar

48. Kemayou, L., Guebou Tadjuidje, F. & Madiba, M. (2011). Tontine et banque en contexte camerounais. La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, 3–4(249–250), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsg.249.163
View in Google Scholar

49. King, J. (2021). Expanding theory-based evaluation: Incorporating value creation in a theory of change. Evaluation and Program Planning, 89, 101963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101963
View in Google Scholar

50. Kofoworola, O., Dodd, N., Boyano, A., Konstantas, A., Wolf, O., Alessia, L., & Ossola, E. (2019). Development of EU ecolabel criteria for retail financial products. European Commission Joint Research Center.
View in Google Scholar

51. Lambregts, T. R., & Schut, F. T. (2020). Displaced, disliked and misunderstood: A systematic review of the reasons for low uptake of long-term care insurance and life annuities. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 17, 100236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2020.100236
View in Google Scholar

52. Łyskawa, K. (2004). Starość a ryzyko emerytalne w systemie zabezpieczenia emerytalnego. In H. Worach-Kordus (Ed.), Ubezpieczenia społeczne i na życie. Stan i perspektywy (pp. 29–50). Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi.
View in Google Scholar

53. Mahayni, A., & Muck, M. (2017). The benefit of life insurance contracts with capped index participation when stock prices are subject to jump risk. Review of Derivatives Research, 20(3), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11147-017-9131-9
View in Google Scholar

54. Mayne, J. (2015). Useful theory of change models. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 30(2), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.30.2.142
View in Google Scholar

55. Milevsky, M. A. (2006). The calculus of retirement income: Financial models for pension annuities and life insurance. Cambridge University Press.
View in Google Scholar

56. Milevsky, M. A., & Salisbury, T. S. (2015). Optimal retirement income tontines. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 64, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2015.05.002
View in Google Scholar

57. Mitchell, O. S., & Utkus, S. P. (2012). Lessons from behavioral finance for retirement plan design. In O. S. Mitchell and S. P. Utkus (Eds.), Pension design and structure: New lessons from behavioural finance. Oxford University Press.
View in Google Scholar

58. Myles, J. (2002). A new social contract for the elderly? In G. Esping-Andersen (Ed.), Why we need a new welfare state (pp. 130–172). https://doi.org/10.1093/0199256438.003.0005
View in Google Scholar

59. Nguyen, H. T., Nguyen, H., Nguyen, N. D., & Phan, A. (2018). Determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty in Vietnamese life-insurance setting. Sustainability, 10(4), 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041151
View in Google Scholar

60. Nurittamont, W. (2021). Enhancing the factors’ influence on purchasing decision of endowment insurance: Case of testing mediate and moderate variables. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 24(7), 1–11.
View in Google Scholar

61. Rajasekhar, D., Kesavan, S., & Manjula, R. (2017). Are our contributory pension schemes failing the poor? Economic and Political Weekly, 52(27), 77–85.
View in Google Scholar

62. Reinholz, D. L., & Andrews, T. C. (2020). Change theory and theory of change: What’s the difference anyway? International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-0202-3
View in Google Scholar

63. Ribeiro, P. C. C., Almada, D. S. Q., Souto, J. F., & Lourenço, R. A. (2018). Permanência no mercado de trabalho e satisfação com a vida na velhice. Ciência and Saúde Coletiva, 23, 2683–2692. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018238.20452016
View in Google Scholar

Rokas, I., & Siafarika, A. (2019). The notion of insurance-based investment products. In P. Marano & I. Rokas (Eds.), Distribution of insurance-based investment products: The EU regulation and the liabilities (pp. 3–25). Springer.
View in Google Scholar

65. Schmidt-Jochmann, C., & Gröbner, M. (2012). Aufbau und Betrieb von shared service centers–eine Versicherungsperspektive. Controlling and Management, 56(3), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1365/s12176-012-0644-7
View in Google Scholar

66. Skipper, H. D., & Black, K. (2000). Life and health insurance (12th ed.). Prentice Hall. Sohn, H. (2016). Racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage: Dynamics of gaining and losing coverage over the life-course. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(2), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9416-y
View in Google Scholar

68. Stolze, M., Field, S., & Kleijer, P. (2000). Combining configuration and evaluation mechanisms to support the selection of modular insurance products. 8th European Conference on Information Systems, 858–865.
View in Google Scholar

69. Super N., Burstein A., Davis J., & Servat C. (2022). Innovative strategies to finance and deliver long-term care. In O. S. Mitchell (Ed.), New models for managing lon- gevity risk (pp. 122–149). Oxford University Press. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859808.003.0008
View in Google Scholar

70. Szczepański, M., Ratajczak-Leszczyńska, J., Bielawska, K., Rutecka-Góra, J., & Pieńkowska-Kamieniecka, S. (2022). Poland: A pension system under constant (re)construction. In J. Kolaczkowski, M. Maher, Y. Stevens, & J. M. Werbrouck (Eds.), The evolution of supplementary pensions: 25 years of pension reform (pp. 229–256). Edward Elgar Publishing.
View in Google Scholar

71. Turner, J. A. (2010). Pension policy: The search for better solutions. WE Upjohn Institute. Wang, H., Switlick, K., Ortiz, C., Zurita, B., & Connor, C. (2012). Health insurance hand-book: How to make it work (vol. 219). World Bank Publications.
View in Google Scholar

73. Wettstein, G., Munnell, A., Hou, W., & Gok, N. (2021). The value of annuities. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3797822
View in Google Scholar

74. Valentin, E. K. (2001). Swot analysis from a resource-based view. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9(2), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2001.11501891
View in Google Scholar

76. Yu, J., Qiu, Y., & He, Z. (2018). Is universal and uniform health insurance better for China? Evidence from the perspective of supply-induced demand. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 15(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000385
View in Google Scholar

77. Zelizer, V. A. R. (2017). Morals and markets. The development of life insurance in the United States. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/zeli18334
View in Google Scholar

Zhang, X., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Tao, W., Dou, Q., & Yang, Y. (2018). Sarcopenia as a predictor of hospitalization among older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0878-0
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2024-07-04

Issue

Section

Research article- regular issue

How to Cite

Łyskawa, K., & Bielawska, K. (2024). Proposal for a comprehensive retirement insurance solution (CRIS) to mitigate retirement risk based on theory of change. Economics and Business Review, 10(2), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.2.1008

Similar Articles

1-10 of 143

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.